herody Essay on Homers Odyssey: Odysseus and the Heroic Cycle :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Odysseus and the Heroic Cycle in Homer's Odyssey "The hero with a thousand faces" written by Joseph Campbell, describes the path a person takes as he journeys through the heroic cycle. Throughout the Odyssey, by Homer, Odysseus is portrayed as a hero. Odysseus fulfils the requirements of the Heroic Journey. "A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonderâˆÂ ¦The hero comes back from his mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons upon his fellow man"(J.C.30) Odysseus accomplishes the heroic cycle through the steps of Departure, Fulfillment, and Return. Odysseus departure from Troy is the beginning of his long heroic adventure. "What of those years of rough adventure, weathered under Zeus?"(895) This quote depicts the rough times Odysseus will have on his journey, but also reveals that Zeus will watch over him. "The call to Adventure signifies that destiny has summoned the hero and transferred his spiritual center of gravity from within the pale of his society to a zone unknownâˆÂ ¦"(58) Odysseus will cross the threshold and go places no one has returned from before. On the island of the Cyclops Odysseus exhibits his abilities, as he developed a plan to escape the Cyclops' cave. "âˆÂ ¦I deemed it would be the best plan to do as follows. The Cyclops had a great club which was lying near one of the sheep pens;âˆÂ ¦ I went up to this club and cut off about six feet of it;âˆÂ ¦ lastly I brought it to a point myself, charring the end in the fire to make it harder. When I had done t his I hid it under dung, which was lying about all over the caveâˆÂ ¦"(book IX) Odysseus has this plan and utilizes it. He and most of his men escape the cave unharmed. This symbolized the escape from the "belly of the whale". Throughout his journey, Odysseus receives some help from supernatural powers, which aid him to fulfill the heroic cycle. Aeolus, the god of winds Presents Odysseus with a bag, filled with all the bad winds. "âˆÂ ¦When I said I must go, and asked him to further me on my way, he made no sort of difficulty, but set about doing so at once.

Human health as a concept established in culture Essay

Introduction Culture may be considered as an array of notions, behavior, and customs that a group of people shares within a given community. These notions are the ones that give identity to each member of a given community. Culture encompasses a number of subsets one of which is a group’s religious and spiritual beliefs, as it is in Haiti. Culture exists in two categories at both extreme trimmings of a continuum. Culture may be considered individualistic or collectivistic. Global cultures reside somewhere in between. In addition. Within a given culture, there are a number of variations. Being familiar with both forms of culture assists medical practitioners to understand where a given segment of a population lies within a given cultural band such that patient care is able to be personalized. Individualistic or collectivistic forms of culture create multiple views relating to the concept of healthcare (Collin, 2004). In this regard, therefore, it can be argued that human health is itself a concept entrenched in the culture. This is true primarily due to the fact that culture I responsible for framing and shaping our perception of our world together with our experiences. Therefore, health practitioners are able to develop a positive interaction with their patients leading to better health care once they grasp the distinction that exists in each of their patient’s cultural values, practices, and beliefs separate from their own. Literature Review Select global cultures and influence in healthcare practice Haitians are inherently spiritual people who believe in the power of healing. They have a strong belief in the concept of miracles channeled through a number of media such as dreams, traditional and scientific medicine. Health is thought of as being an individual’s responsibility and self-treating is considered one of the many ways of ensuring good health. Haitians resort to home-based remedies prior to any form of hospital treatment. Home-based treatment may include the use of herbs, massages or non-prescription medicine. They reach out to doctors and hospitals once it is clear that an illness requires advanced care. It is recommended that clinicians inquire as to which home based remedies a patient has indulged in prior to offering any form of treatment. It is common to find Haitians taking prescribed and herbal medication at the same time. Haitian culture ascribes to use of nebulous terms. It is common to find patients describing the nature of an illness rather than its ass ociated symptoms. In essence, a visit to the hospital is mainly confirmatory of an individual’s self-diagnosis (Nicolas and DeSilva, 2006). In most cases, patients assess individual symptoms and then institute diagnosis bases on the experience of another patient who has contracted the same illness previously. It is common to find Haitians making use of biomedical jargons inappropriately. The extent to which Haitians comply with a given treatment is dependent on their view of an illness’ severity. In essence, some diseases are considered serious such as diabetes and cancer. Others are only considered serious because someone else succumbed to them. Once a doctor expresses an illness’ severity, then can they comply with the course of treatment. Pregnancy, not being an illness, Haitians do not indulge in any form of prenatal care as it is not considered to be of any importance. In addition, birth control is considered undesirable as children are considered a blessing. Haitian culture does not recognize a man’s contribution towards issues of birth control, men do not ascribe to protection during intercourse as it is considered a killer of pleasure (Norris, 2005). Discussions about issues of sexually transmitted diseases are frowned upon. Haiti is one of the countries in the world fraught with some of the worst indicators of health. For this country to overcome such challenges and improve the health of its people, the government needs to address some of the common health challenges currently facing its people. Some of its international partners such as the U.S, and those from the private sector have made efforts to help this country to improve the people’s access to health services. Although there are a lot of ch allenges to contend with, the Haitian government has made efforts, there have been significant positive efforts to encourage family planning and childhood malnutrition (Pierre, 2012). The number of births per person has gone down considerably as a result of a change in culture from the refusal to embrace contraceptives to an increase used of up to 31 percent. Problem statement Health care is one of the most sensitive areas due to its close relation to global cultures. Examining the interaction of culture and health care helps build cultural competencies appropriate during healthcare service provision by medical practitioners. In this respect, it is essential to examine select global cultures and how they influence healthcare provision. Most communities experience immense challenges in terms of access to healthcare. In most cases, such challenges are related to a communities religious and spiritual beliefs.   Therefore, it is important to evaluate how such religious beliefs affects healthcare provision in a multifaceted community based on moral and ethical reasoning, such as in Haiti. Challenges in healthcare access for Haitian cultures Haitians do not ascribe to scientific medicine which involves hospitals, medication and illness diagnosis. They believe in Vodou as a healthcare system. This form of treatment goes over and beyond dimensions of caregiving that is found in most other religions. This form of healthcare is common as practiced in Haiti’s countryside and is based on ontology. However, Haitian possess a stoical approach to disease and illness which is inherently seen in one of their common adages, God is good. Their belief is based on the fact that whatever happens to an individual is God’s doing. They view illness as a form of punishment or battering of bodies that possess natural etiologies (Pierre, 2012). Access to proper treatment and medication is considered pointless since illness is commonly short-lived. One of the most common explanations for the sickness experienced by Haitians is that it is caused by their interaction with the environmental aspects such as cold, food, gas and heat. The existence of supernatural sicknesses is attributed to the wrath of spirits. The cure for such illnesses is based on advice offered to Voodoo ecclesiastics by spirits and as such they must wait upon the spirits for enlightening. Such voodoo practices limit the need to access health care by Haitians (Vonarx, 2011). Challenges associated with diversity in healthcare Haitians in other countries, such as in the United States, encounter linguistic, economic and cultural issues that make integration within such communities difficult which affects their access to health services and their utilization. During demographic, Haitians in America are considered African American. This enables them to hide their cultural, environmental and behavioral diversity amongst other such immigrants. This includes health beliefs, diet, migration experiences, language, and education. Most of the Haitians in America, for instance, do not go for annual checks up. Those who are about 18 years of age may have had a checkup once while those who spoke poor English were not likely to visit a doctor for medical check or treatment (Vonarx, 2011). Barriers to healthcare access and quality care Haitians face a number of issues that limit their ability to access healthcare services, particularly those who reside in countries other than their own, such as those in the U.S. One of such issues is a language barrier. Haitians speak French as their national language, although Creole is technically Haiti’s key undocumented language. Creole is commonly spoken around homes and in daily communication needs. This is the language used by those who do not have an education. Those who move to the U.S encounter a lot of language barrier. Those who are unfamiliar with terms used in the medical field encounter much more difficulty (Saint-Jean & Crandall, 2005). Practitioner-patient difficulties base on beliefs has posted a lot of challenges for Haitians in America seeking healthcare services. A majority of Haitians visit doctors with the expectation that they are knowledgeable on matters of healthcare. Those health practitioners who ask a wealth of questions are thought of as having insufficient knowledge. There is immense lack of adherence to regimes during treatment as a result of Haitians’ perceived lack of urgency in relation to individual health. Families of Haitian descent are commonly matrifocal. Mothers are the ones who make important decisions in which case they have an influence on compliance. Haitians who are culturally entrenched tend to show hesitancy towards discussions involving sexual health (Mccaffrey, 2008). They believe that illnesses are a consequence of a lack of balance in nature. They, therefore, ascribe to use of homemade remedies such as oils and herbal tea which form the initial step of treatment for a majority of illnesses. Legal, ethical and moral reasoning in decisions related to improving healthcare safety Currently, Haiti’s immunization levels of DPT3 is estimated at about 53 percent. This is an indication of this country’s need for improvement as was seen during humanitarian efforts after Haiti’s earthquake. A number of publications have highlighted cases of amputation in Haiti, although none of these have documented such cases in the context of Haiti’s culture. Amputees in Haiti have survival chance socially. However, this new found disability becomes a threat in terms of morbidity together with the need to survive within the streets. Such patients face an increased risk of malnourishment, infection, and maltreatment. In addition, such patients will encounter discrimination within Haiti’s resource strained healthcare system. They further face immense difficulty in terms of getting employment. Medical practitioners encounter dilemmas in which they are forced to decide between performing an amputation and saving a life in which case the patientâ€⠄¢s prospects of living a normal life are diminished. In this case, amputations provide short-lived solutions which are coupled with long-term negative effects (Saint-Jean & Crandall, 2005). Evidence-based practice into the care of the client, the community, and the healthcare environment Evidence-based practices demand an approach that is works based on clinical as well as organizational decision-making. This involves strategies during practice based on three key sources of evidence-based practice. This includes research results, knowledge of clinical practices as well as values that patients hold dear. The main goal of this kind of practice in healthcare is to employ healthcare intervention in the process of improving healthcare access to those who seek medical attention. This will develop healthcare results for patients. Currently, few studies have been done with the aim of testing cultural congruence in terms of health interventions. Cultural competency in the care of the client, community, aging and vulnerable populations Multicultural practices in the area of human health encompass knowledge in the area of cultural diversity and worldwide views coupled with self-awareness of one’s own culture. This includes a health practitioner’s views relating to differences in culture. Multicultural assessment starts with an evaluation of cultural foci, psychological and physical as grounds on which to provide healthcare services. The cultural aspect of an assessment involves examination of ethical, socio-cultural and political elements uniquely embedded within a healthcare continuum of Haitians. One of the important aspects of assessment is communication skills in a multicultural environment.   This is made use of in order to enhance understanding during a health-illness meeting between a health provider and a patient (Saint-Jean & Crandall, 2005). Competence in health provision involving cross-cultural interaction requires the constant interest in enhancing cultural communication. Although health providers may acquire competence in relation to a number of different cultures, competency may not be wholesome. Even then, health providers are likely to acquire competency under a complex blend of knowledge of culture, attitudes, and skills. How well health practitioners become well versed in a number of different cultures depends on their knowledge of different cultures and their ability to implement care that is culturally congruent. However, a comprehensive body of research investigated cultural differences in terms of health care beliefs, values as well as practices which are meant to give guidance to health practitioners while they provide services that show congruence.   Significantly more studies need to be done in order to lower the amount of disparity in terms of healthcare provision. The cultural approaches used currently in Haiti are evocative and experimental. However, they have continued to provide grounds on which to conduct studies meant to increase health access to patients. There is an increasing sense of urgency to work out which intercessions will provide the required level of awareness of health beliefs and values. This also includes social and political aspects that have an influence on healthcare. The effect of political strife as well as globalization has led to a mass movement of Haitians to areas where health practitioners do not understand Haitians’ methods of preserving their health or treating illnesses. In this regard, research has the capacity to provide health practitioners with intervention methods that will work in a culturally assorted environment. Safety, quality, and outcomes in healthcare Deficiencies in terms of quality of health services provided in Haiti is an indication of failure in terms of practitioners compassion and insufficiencies of resources. This results in insufficient knowledge, poor application of technology. It is possible that healthcare systems in Haiti did not work towards aligning health providers incentives to local health practices (Bridges et al., 2011). However, quality of healthcare is the overarching canopy under which patient health and safety reside. Patient safety cannot be separated from the process of delivering health services. Safety practices are those that are meant to minimize the level of risk that patients are exposed to during diagnosis or any other condition. A number of safety approaches have been considered, such as the use of bar codes, simulators, and digital order entry, as some of the methods that are will help prevent errors in healthcare provision. Integration of interprofessional practice models in healthcare Interprofessional education models speak to an instructive system, a group based ordeal, and an interprofessional-recreation experience. The instructional system underlines interprofessional group building abilities, information about callings, patient-focused consideration, administration taking in, the effect of society on human services conveyance and an interprofessional clinical segment. The group based experience exhibits how interprofessional coordinated efforts give administration to patients and how the earth and accessibility of assets affect one’s wellbeing status. The interprofessional-reenactment experience depicts clinical group abilities preparing in both developmental and summative reproductions used to create aptitudes in correspondence and authority (Bridges et al., 2011). One regular topic prompting a fruitful affair among these three interprofessional models included assisting understudies with understanding their own particular expert personality while pic king up a comprehension of other proficient parts of the social insurance group. Duty from divisions and schools, different logbook understandings, curricular mapping, coach, and workforce preparing, a feeling of the group, sufficient physical space, innovation, and group connections were all distinguished as basic assets for a fruitful project. Synopsis proposals for best practices incorporated the requirement for authoritative backing, interprofessional automatic base, submitted personnel, and the acknowledgment of understudy cooperation as key segments to accomplishment for anybody building up an IPE focused system (Bridges et al., 2011). Improvement of the quality of healthcare of vulnerable populations The setting and circumstances of every case will fluctuate, and significant adaptability is required while assessing well-being and searching for markers of disregard or manhandle. Evaluations may include extended time and require a few visits from diverse experts (Mitchell, 2008). Security data is essential and may originate from an assortment of sources, including medical records, family doctors, relatives, companions, home consideration staff, neighbors, landowners, and police. Vulnerable grown-ups are frequently not approaching or dependable witnesses. They may need knowledge and deny help (Culo, 2015). Thorough geriatric evaluation ought to incorporate a customer meeting, physical examination, and audit of medicinal history and pharmaceutical utilization. Lab and radiographic studies may be clinically shown. Fundamental psychological testing and screening for the psychiatric issue are recommended. It is essential to investigate potential budgetary, physical, passionate, and sexual misuse (Hughes, 2008). Care of the client, community, aging and vulnerable populations Enhancing the nature of human services and decreasing incongruities are basic issues for wellbeing change – the basic to catch and saddle our extensive quality in this field is more grounded than at any other time. The mission of the Center for Health Care Quality is to propel examination and grant that advanced proof based consideration, with elevated regard for the needs of the underserved in Haiti (Somnath, 2008). Through cautious study, we recognize the best approaches to enhance nature of consideration at the authoritative and group levels. GCHQ’s endeavors likewise fixate on watchful quality estimation and the interpretation of proof into practice. CHCQ would work in health facility settings all through Haiti to interpret demonstrated, proof-based systems into practice. The collection of learning that is produced will bolster change over the continuum of consideration and will advise policymakers at the group, territorial, state and national levels (Board, 2012).    References Collin M. (2004). Cultural and Clinical Care for Haitians. Indian health services. http://www.in.gov/isdh/files/Haiti_Cultural_and_Clinical_Care_Presentation_Read-Only.pdf Nicolas, G and DeSilva, M.(2006). Haitian Culture. Encyclopedia of Health Care Management. Norris, A. (2005). Mechanics of Conducting Culturally Relevant HIV Prevention Research with Haitian American Adolescents: Lessons Learned, Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health, 11-11. https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/boisi/pdf/s091/Mechanics_of_Conducting_Culturally_Relevant_HIV_Prevention_R.pdf Pierre, F. (2012). Health status of Haitian Americans. 3-3. http://med.stanford.edu/schoolhealtheval/files/FPierre_HaitianAmericans.pdf Saint-Jean, G., & Crandall, L. (2005). Utilization of Preventive Care by Haitian Immigrants in Miami, Florida. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health J Immigrant Health, 7(4), 283-292. Mccaffrey, R. (2008). The Lived Experience of Haitian Older Adults’ Integration Into a Senior Center in Southeast Florida. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 33-39. Vonarx, N. (January 01, 2011). Haitian Vodou as a health care system: between magic, religion, and medicine.  Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine,  17,  5.) Culo, S. (2015). Risk assessment and intervention for vulnerable older adults | BC Medical Journal. Bcmj.org. Retrieved 3 November 2015, from http://www.bcmj.org/articles/risk-assessment-and-intervention-vulnerable-older-adults Bridges, D., Davidson, R., Soule Odegard, P., Maki, I., & Tomkowiak, J. (2011). Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of interprofessional education. Medical Education Online, 16(0). http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v16i0.6035 Board, I. (2012). Transition to Community Care: Models and Opportunities. National Academies Press (US). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98460/ Hughes, R. (2008). Tools and Strategies for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety. Agency For Healthcare Research And Quality (US). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2682/ Mitchell, P. (2008). Defining Patient Safety and Quality Care. Agency For Healthcare Research And Quality (US). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2681/    Somnath Saha, L. (2008). Patient Centeredness, Cultural Competence, and Healthcare Quality. Journal Of The National Medical Association, 100(11), 1275. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824588/

Racial Discrimination Within the Welfare System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1501 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racial Discrimination Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? When Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated president in 1933, he acted fast to provide relief to those who were in need. On June 8, 1934, Roosevelt sent a message to congress that guaranteed a plan for social insurance as a safety net â€Å"against the hazards and vicissitudes of life.† Then, only fourteen months later, on August 14, 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social security Bill in into law (Martin and Weaver). The Social Security Bill enabled several states to make more adequate arrangements for people over sixty-five, blind people, crippled adults and children, public health, and unemployment compensation. The act also included programs that promoted the health and welfare of children. Under this, Welfare was created. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racial Discrimination Within the Welfare System" essay for you Create order Welfare is a government program that gives financial aid to people who can’t support themselves. Welfare is paid by tax payers’ money, and because of this, many people find the welfare system susceptible to be being taken advantage of. Although many people think this, many facts prove that to be untrue or hypocritical. The welfare system has been discriminatory since it has been created, which in return has led to discrimination for minorities in everyday life. During the 1930’s and 40’s racial discrimination made it almost unimaginable for blacks to get involved in programs such as Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), which would allow low income families to get financial aid to support their children. In fact, at this time the majority of single mothers using ADC were Caucasian. Due to the extreme hatred of minorities at this time in history, it was unimaginably hard for especially blacks to earn and income. So, they were taking any job they could get. Because of this, many were paid in cash, which made them unqualified for social programs such as ADC. These issues continued, and even got worse through the 50’s and 60’s (Carten). The 50’s and 60’s was known as the time of prosperity. The economy grew by about 37% during this time. By the end of the decade, the average American family had about 30% more purchasing power than ever before (Shmoop). While life improved for whites, it was quite the opposite for blacks. Black women were particularly discriminated against in the welfare system at this time. There were different requirements and rules such as the â€Å"man in the house rule,† where workers would check to see if a man was in the house at any time of the night, and if he was, welfare benefits would be taken away. This was quite unconstitutional but allowed and accepted in the southern states. There were also requirements that the welfare recipient had to have an exceptionally clean house. If this was not followed through, welfare workers could take welfare away from the recipients (Ackerman). Because of these strict laws in the south, many single-parent black families tried to move to the north hoping for a better life, with better welfare, but that was proved to be difficult. Housing was hard to come by because of residency requirements. Many â€Å"desirable neighborhoods† were too expensive or didn’t accept blacks at all. This resulted in pushing blacks into the slums of the north (Library of Congress). As previously stated, if the welfare recipients’ housing was not a good environment, they would not be able to continue to receive welfare benefits, and because the blacks were being pushed into the slums, some could not receive welfare checks, leaving them extremely poor and having no where to turn. Eventually, presidents retreated from the safety net philosophy that was enforced in earlier decades. Specifically, Ronald Reagan enforced New Federalism. New Federalism is the transfer of certain powers from the federal government to the states government. As shown above, when the welfare system was in the states hands, it did not go well. Regan had a philosophy that poor people were poor because of their own misfortune, they didn’t need assistance, and that they could only help themselves if they wanted to get better. Because he believed this, he made plenty of budget cuts under New Federalism. The 1982 cuts exceeded 20% in many of the programs introduced since the 1960’s that were designed to help the unprivileged. These programs included AFDC, Food Stamps, Medicaid, education aid, Low-income Energy Assistance, and training and employment programs. It’s estimated that the typical mother on welfare who worked had a 20 to 30 percent decline in their monthly income (Danziger and Haveman). â€Å"Blacks will suffer disproportionately from the Reagan programs because a higher proportion of blacks are poorer than whites, a greater proportion will be affected by the reductions,† (Danziger and Haveman). Then, Reagan went onto expose a woman who allegedly took advantage of the welfare system. Reagan said, â€Å"There’s a woman in Chicago. She has 80 names, 30 addressees, 12 Social Security cards and is collecting veterans’ benefits on four nonexistent deceased husbands. She’s got Medicaid, is getting food stamps and welfare under each of her names. Her tax-free cash income alone is over $150,000.† Although some people believed that Reagan was using this as campaign strategy, since it wasn’t actually proven, this still reinforced black stereotypes among white people. Which then lead to discrimination, and problems within the system throughout the 90s. During the 90s, welfare was no longer about the people. It turned into politics. In 1996, the Republican-controlled Congress passed the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Block Grant of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. This was known as the â€Å"welfare reform.† â€Å"Welfare reform in 1996 had little to do with poverty; it had a lot to do with racialized politics of poverty. Conservatives declared that anything was better than the old welfare system for poor women and that their plans for tough work requirements and time-limited benefits was a policy of hope. What they were really interested in was politically exploiting the issue and painting the Democrats as defenders of ‘amoral’ black women in ghettos. Liberals rationalized welfare reform as necessary, but they also understood it to be a way of banishing race, and racialized poverty, from the political lexicon† (Brown 47). In fact, Jared Bernstein of The Washington Post claims, â€Å"It was and is about convincing a group of voters that, while you’re working hard to make ends meet, somebody’s making a bundle ripping off the system. And that somebody is an â€Å"other,† a minority or an immigrant.† So, since the welfare debate was now politically fueled, poor families, which was now mainly made up of minorities, were harshly treated and punished. With the new welfare reform bill in place, there were new requirements in the system. Single mothers were required to get a job two years after they started getting benefits. Then, they could only receive the benefits for up to five years for the rest of their lives. Also, teenage mothers were no longer allowed to receive benefits. To add to that, â€Å"States were banned from using federally funded TANF for certain groups of immigrants and restrictions were placed on their eligibility to Medicaid, food stamps and Supplementary Social Security Income† (Carten). Because of these requirements, many people were left without the help they needed. This has caused issues within the system today. Evidently, welfare has been a struggle for minorities since 1935. Despite the longevity, there are still issues within the system today. There is an over-representation of children of minorities within the welfare system. â€Å"In 2017, the State of California had 11,301 Black children in dependency care which was 23.8% of the total number of children in care (California Child Welfare Indicators Project, (2018). This becomes the true definition of disproportionality, when Black children only make up about 592,333 (7%) of the entire state of California’s population but make up 23.8% of the total number of children in care† (Long 1). Many believe that minority families face more disadvantages in the welfare system compared Caucasians. Disadvantages such as systematic circumstances that minorities can’t necessarily change, and this causes the disproportionate representation in the welfare system. This disproportionality is also due to the lack of cultural comp etency within the welfare system (Font qt. In Long 2). For example, although a major portion of welfare recipients are of minority groups, the adults who provided social services to these children are predominantly white. The welfare system claims that for over a decade, they have been trying to raise â€Å"awareness and sensitivity.† â€Å"Additional efforts have sought to increase knowledge and understanding about the unique aspects of the history and culture of specific groups, primarily African Americans and Latino Americans. These efforts however, have not addressed culturally effective practice in a comprehensive and sustained manner, and have been inadequate† (Jackson and Brissett-Chapman 252). Furthermore, a substantial amount of minority families who live in undesirable communities are prone to constant surveillance by police or other reporters that make child welfare reports more often. This also causes social worker bias, and harsh treatment from welfare workers (Long 2). Although the issues today are slightly different than those in the twentieth century, they still need to be solved. Ideally, cultural competence needs to be instilled into every welfare worker.

How The Administration Of My School - 1588 Words

Introduction I will be examining how the administration of my school assesses the workforce of my school, works with the teacher unions and makes sure the school action plan is in place to attain the vision of the school. With all the moving parts of the school, I will be looking at how the administration keeps the focus of the school in the right direction. Procedures Used for Assessing the Workforce Our school uses a couple different techniques in order to assess the workforce engagement of the school. The mentor teachers and administrators use observations and data to help assess the classroom teachers of the school. The quarterly grades and test scores for each of the classes that the teacher is assigned will be examined by the†¦show more content†¦This process also lets the administration know which teachers are reaching out to the students and offering more opportunities to learn the material. During the time which teachers and mentor teachers meet to develop the action plan of the teacher, they will be using the data collected from observations, test scores and quarterly grades to help determine the areas of strength and weakness. The administration team and mentor teachers make a valid attempt to visit every classroom at least once every 2 weeks. When an administration enters the classroom they are looking at the interac tions between the educator and the student, the amount of questions and level of questions being asked to the students and finally the rigor of the lesson. These three areas are the most important to the success of the class. The action plans that are developed between the mentor teachers and the teachers are primarily focused on these observations. After the action is developed, the observers will be looking for progression in those problems areas that were identified. The action plan also has areas based on the quarterly grades and test scores of the students on the educators classes. The action plan of the educator will also have areas of how to improve the content retention of the students in the classes. Reviewing the grades and test scores of the students and coming up with ideas on how to advance the students

The And Its Impact On Society - 1707 Words

1. Zakaria argues that societies are going through democratization where closed systems are becoming more open. Therefore, now social change is originating from the masses unlike in the past. Today democracy is not just a form of government it is a way of life. For example, a singer that is more popular is also more successful. Large groups of people are what create change. Even capitalism is becoming more democratic. 2. Zakaria defines constitutional liberalism as the goals of government such as protecting the rights of its citizens. In contrast, democracy refers to a government who is elected through free and public elections. Chapter 1 3. Although some argue that the concept of liberty first originated in Ancient Greece, Zakaria argues that liberty first arose after the rise of the Catholic Church. As the Catholic Church’s influence grew throughout Europe, some began to rebel. These reformers such as John Calvin or Martin Luther broke away from the church which resulted in the Reformation. However, after the Reformation followed the Enlightenment which truly led to established liberty. People rebelled again authoritarian rule in both the American and French Revolution. These revolution led people to recreate their government structures. As a result, governments that promised to protect the rights of its citizens were created in both France and the newly established United States of America. 4. According to Zakaria, the relationship between culture andShow MoreRelatedThe And Its Impact On Society Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom our identity, the past dictates how we are reared up, our place in society, society’s expectations of us, our expectation of society, and most importantly, our expectation of ourselves. Due to this inextricability, it is impossible to deny the past without simultaneously brushing off a part of ourselves. America in the 21st century can––heavy emphasis on can––be considered progressive, modern, and accepting. As a society, we aspire to be labeled as such: we take the label of being the â€Å"meltingRead MoreThe And Its Impact On Society1167 Words   |  5 PagesFor millennia, divine figures have been an integral part of human society. Ancient Greeks worshipped Apollo, the Egyptians revered Horus, and the Hopi paid homage to Kokopelli. Each divine figure is association with its own dogma, that is, a set of beliefs that are regarded as irrefutable. At best, these dogmas can serve as the backbone of a tightly knit community. However, more often than not, dogma harms society by either creating a schism within a religious group, or by promoting the persecutionRead MoreThe And Its Impact On Society2002 Words   |  9 Pagesthere has never been genocide aimed at an entire race of people. 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Soul Food free essay sample

A ritual done over a specific length of time can become tradition, rooting itself into one’s culture and lifestyle. George Gmelch in the essay â€Å"Baseball Magic† describes rituals as being irrational and unemotional behaviors linked to an outcome. He finds when a baseball player has a good performance his rituals grow and are continued. Gmelch’s findings reflect that rituals fulfill one’s need for control over one’s environment. Similar to Gmelch, I have found that within my family the ritual of cooking soul food every Sunday has become a means of keeping my family together. By consistently performing this ritual a sense of control is established over the continual unity within my family. Unity is important because it is the basic structure of family, and is something that was not always a part of African American culture. Dating back to slavery, families were often divided in the slave trade and were never to be seen again. This division has had long-term effects on African American families to this day, where often it is seen that a father or mother is lacking and children are raised by extended family. My family came to California from the East Coast over 30 years ago, thus keeping the ritual of Sunday dinner alive has been a crucial factor in maintaining our unity as a family. My family practices the ritual of having a large soul food dinner every Sunday at my Aunt Louise’s house. On October 26, 2008 I arrived at my Aunt Louise’s house in Los Angeles, California. Just before entering the house I was greeted by the smell of baked foods. As I walked into my aunt’s cozy medium sized home, I immediately saw the dining room table fully set for the guests. The mahogany table was covered with a cream and gold tasseled table cloth, cream plates rimmed with gold sat on the table near silver goblets with gold rims, and champagne flutes and silver utensils matched with gold handles. This elaborate table setting directly reflects the teachings passed down within my family of having wealth within one’s spirit. Gmelch states that routines are â€Å"comforting; they bring order into a world in which players have little control† (303). Just as baseball players need routines to organize their lives, my family is routinely reminded every Sunday that just because we don’t have money it doesn’t mean our minds should be impoverished. In the areas where control is lacking, such as finance, our family finds comfort from this reminder representing the riches we share as a family. Thus at this table, memories have been shared over the years and special occasions celebrated. After exiting the dining room I entered the kitchen where I saw a grey pot of cabbage with a large piece of ham inside, biscuits, macaroni and cheese, and baked chicken smothered in gravy. The hot soul food on the stove indicated dinner was prepared and all the elements of Sunday dinner at my Aunt Louise’s house began to come together. I watched as my family members made their way to the food, dinner plates in hand. Within minutes everyone settled in at the dining room table. My dad began to tell everyone to hold hands and bow for prayer as he prayed for blessing over the food, which coincides with George Gmelch’s finding of how Latin American’s make the sign of the cross or bless themselves before every bat (304). As a Christian family the importance that has been placed upon giving thanks to the one who provided us with our meal is an aspect of the ritual implemented to purify the food we are eating. While the family ate, conversation was sparked and the â€Å"soul† food began to work its magic. The food we ate made everyone comfortable, warm and more open to each other. The known aspect of how this food affects us draws upon what Gmelch states about a fielder having â€Å"complete control over the outcome of his performance† and by cooking soul food a sense of control is established (305). Everyone knows my Aunt Louise is a great cook, and when she cooks our soul food favorites we can’t help but be drawn to her house for her cooking. The soul food we eat establishes our control as a unified family every Sunday. What is within this food, analyzed by Professor Fredrick Douglas Opie, is the yolk that continues to bring African American families together. Soul food and Sunday dinners have been a staple throughout African American families. Known for bringing families together for food and great conversation, this tradition roots itself in times as early as slavery. In an interview by journalist Farai Chideya of the National Public Radio (NPR), author and Professor Fredrick Douglas Opie examines the history of soul food. His book Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America is an educational journey outlining where â€Å"soul† food began and how it became important to African American culture. He shows that the term â€Å"soul† as a prerequisite for the type of food commonly made by African American’s, stemmed from the 60s, an era of cultural empowerment. This food with â€Å"soul† as Professor Opie defines, is the main component of dinners which unite my family every Sunday evening. Within this traditional food cooked every Sunday our stomach’s are not the only aspect of us being fed, but our â€Å"souls† are being filled under the unity of food. My Aunt Louise is the reason the ritual of soul food being cooked on Sunday continues throughout our family. Historically the institution of slavery is where traditional African American foods were originally cooked, specifically out of â€Å"what the master rationed† (Opie). Usually when elaborate meals were cooked they were done sparingly and with whatever slaves could get their hands on. As Professor Douglas Opie draws upon, common soul food cooking in slavery rooted out of need, specifically for better tasting food. Similarly within my family, the need to keep everyone unified is the reason my Aunt continues the ritual of cooking soul food every Sunday. My Aunt Louise originally moved to California over 30 years ago with her sister, my grandmother. When she first moved to California with her sister, they were so busy raising children, working and dealing with marriage that seeing each other often was impossible. As she stated, the significance of her dinners every Sunday have been for â€Å"family gathering, so everyone can come together, enjoy conversation, catch up on their week†¦something that can’t be done everyday† (Robinson). A need to keep the family strong is why great soul food is cooked by her every Sunday. Originally my Aunt’s mother always cooked soul food dinners. Her mother and grandmother made sure that Sunday was specifically set aside â€Å"because that was an important day in our house that has been passed down from generation to generation† (Robinson). She was taught to cook at 11 years old, and from there participated in helping her mother cook elaborate meals on this special day of the week. The purpose for cooking soul food on Sunday as Professor Douglas Opie recalls, is because â€Å"certain foods weren’t always readily available to African Americans, so Sunday was set aside to cook them (Opie). † As a generational ritual among our African American culture, this day has held strong as a major characteristic of the ritual of cooking soul food by my Aunt Louise. What traditional soul food ritualistically cooked in our family every Sunday has done is bring us together. Foods such as fried chicken, greens, macaroni and cheese, cornbread and black eyed peas and gravy are known to bring comfort to an individual. Historically throughout slavery such staple foods gave a type of release to the stresses and depression occurred in that time. For my family, eating soul food when we are together comforts us and allows us to be more laid back and this in turn makes bonding every Sunday easier. Without this soul food, Sunday dinners could not be effective in the glue that keeps our family strong. Soul food is so closely aligned in the fabric of African American people and our culture that it’s almost impossible to get us to stop eating it (Opie). The soul food my family eats is a meaningful ritual and tradition because of its cultural roots and mysterious â€Å"feel good† qualities, soul food eaten in my family is a ritual of meaning which has become tradition. Within my family the tradition of having a large soul food dinner at my Aunt Louise’s house occurs every Sunday. Since I was a child, I remember going to her house, enjoying great food and socializing with members of my family. Gmelch in writing â€Å"Baseball Magic† discusses how rituals can play a large role in one’s life, as a means of control over a specific outcome. Overtime the ritual of soul food cooked every Sunday for dinner has become the incentive keeping unity within my family strong. The strength of family, especially to my own, reaches as far back into slavery where many families were broken apart. Opie in his interview by Farai Chideya in regards to his book Hog Hominy: Soul food from Africa to America analysis what soul food is and how it became to be important in African American culture. Originating out of a simple need for better tasting food, traditional foods cooked by slaves were later titled â€Å"soul food† during the Black Power Movement of the 60s. This soul food, passed down from generations is today what my family enjoys during time of bonding and relationship. In all, from what I have learned through observations and interview regarding this ritual, I will never look at my family’s Sunday dinners the same. As a ritual of true meaning, soul food dinner on Sunday is not only good food but a celebration of my family.

Wireless Networking Concepts Wi-MAX Networks

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Networking Concepts for Wi-MAX Networks. Answer: Compare and Contrast three data encryption standards for Wi-MAX networks The three data encryption standards are Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Counter (CTR) and Counter with CBC Message authentication code (CCM). Cipher Block Chaining Counter Counter with CBC Message authentication code The (BA) base station forwards the data to (SS) Subscriber Station. The data is encrypted in a parallel order. It was developed as a non-patented alternative to OCB. A Security Association specific initialization vector is sent as a Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) response when the TEK three way handshake. It is better when compared with CBC. It is better than both CBC and CTR. For encryption of the data traffic, the algorithm makes use of Security Association specific Initialization vector combined with TEK. It handles encryption pre-processing. Combination of CBC-MAC is used for data authentication and CTR mode is used for data encryption. Complete security for the data encryption is not guaranteed by this standard. It do not contain the authenticity for the encrypted messages. It contains the authenticity for the encrypted messages. It contains traditional implementation methods. It contains simple implementation. Implementation costs less. It has no extra features instead makes use of the algorithm. It is the improved version of CBC. Additional features are added to CCM and it makes it more secured to achieve the cryptographic data encryption standard. It contains more number of complexities. Only certain complexities are resolved. It reduces the complexity to a greater extent. Performance is less. Performance is better than CBC. The performance is maximised. Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. The WPAN technology contains certain security challenges with respect to the Wireless USB and the ZigBee WPAN Technology. Wireless USB The Wireless USB is a technology which uses radio frequencies instead of cables. They provide connection to approximately 3mts ("Ellisys - Technology - Wireless USB", 2016). It uses the encryption and in encryption the security challenges are noticed. The Wireless USB, focuses on confidentiality, availability, integrity and authenticity (Keller, 2004). The current security challenges are in security attacks and fault diagnosis in the security services. The Intrusion detection Techniques, key management services and Secure Routing methods are used for prevention from the attacks (Kent, Tibbs, Sexton, 2009). In Wireless USB, the confidentiality follows certain criteria, they are as follows (Leavitt, 2007): The information is just provided to the authorised user. All the information is, required to be a secret. In Wireless USB, the availability follows certain criteria, they are as follows (Torres, 2008): The designed services are ensured by the node. In the nodes, the service attacks brings security challenges. They become successful in attacking the nodes. It fails to provide certain network services. In Wireless USB, the integrity follows certain criteria, they are as follows ("USB.org - Wireless USB", 2016): It is effective in maintaining the integrity. And the information is forwarded with their identity. In Wireless USB, the authenticity follows certain criteria, they are as follows (Rackley, 2007): It assures genuine communication between the users. It requires identify of the users for communicating with the other users. It ensures to claim the authenticity. In case if the authenticity is not claimed then it is possible to send the fake messages to any number of users. ZigBee WPAN Technology The ZigBee WPAN Technology, is used for transferring the data to approximately 70mts. 802.15.4 is named as ZigBee WPAN. Its main aim is monitoring and controlling the applications. It requires low range of information throughput and less power is consumed. The working process of ZigBee technology is that the data is transferred as the packets with at least 128 bytes ("What is Zigbee? | what is WPAN? | zigbee basics", 2016). This technology offers higher data transferring rate. A double layer is ensured for security. The double layer includes the security of Network Layer and the Application Layer (Labiod, Afifi, De Santis, 2007). It uses the security policy AES 128b Encryption standard algorithm. This algorithm deploys the MAC Layer. It contains the three following keys ("What is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)? - Definition from WhatIs.com", 2016): Link Key The link keys is the unique key to connect the two nodes. The Application Layer controls and manages the Link keys. It requires more storage space. Network Key The network key is required by each node to connect the network of nodes. The Network key is used in a network for sharing the devices. The trust center forms the network key. Even at different intervals it forms the network key. Master Keys The master key ensures to keep the Link keys private. Every single node is installed with this master key. It makes use of Link key and the Network key. The master key follows a set of two security policy, which are updated and followed by the data centers. The two security policies are Commercial Mode and the Residential Mode. In the Commercial Mode, the network key is used by the data centers and are permitted to transfer their keys between the two nodes. It requires more space to store the resources, it offers a centralized model to maintain the security control of the keys (Labiod, Afifi, De Santis, 2007). In the Residential Mode, just the network keys are shared. It requires less space to store the resources and thus it is considered as the appropriate mode for implementing the wireless sensor model (Labiod, Afifi, De Santis, 2007). References Ellisys - Technology - Wireless USB. (2016).Ellisys.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.ellisys.com/technology/wusb.php Keller, S. (2004).Wireless USB. Labiod, H., Afifi, H., De Santis, C. (2007).Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee and WiMAX. Dordrecht: Springer. Leavitt, N. (2007). For Wireless USB, the Future Starts Now.Computer,40(7), 14-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2007.238 Rackley, S. (2007).Wireless networking technology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Newnes. Torres, G. (2008).Introduction to Wireless USB (WUSB) - Hardware Secrets.Hardware Secrets. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.hardwaresecrets.com/introduction-to-wireless-usb-wusb/ USB.org - Wireless USB. (2016).Usb.org. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.usb.org/developers/wusb/ What exactly is Wireless USB?. (2005).Communications Engineer,3(4), 46-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ce:20050415 What is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (2016).SearchSecurity. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/Advanced-Encryption-Standard What is Zigbee? | what is WPAN? | zigbee basics. (2016).Rfwireless-world.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/what-is-zigbee.html