Financial Statement Analysis and Valuation Assignment

Financial Statement Analysis and Valuation - Assignment Example The organization has a rich history which dates back to the industrial revolution. The company was founded on September 19, 1759. The human capital of the firm is what has made this organization so successful. The biggest companies in the world are recognized by their talent and the attitude of their people (Martinez, 2014). The global workforce of the firm is composed of 49,700 employees. The majority employees of the firm are located in the UK and Europe. GKN has operations in 33 countries across five continents. GKN has expanded its operations using both wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures. The strategy of the organization is to maximize shareholder value by growing its earnings, dividends paid to shareholders, and maintaining sustainable growth in sales, profitability, and cash generation (Gkn, 2015). A main competitor of the company is Meggit PLC. Meggit PLC is a global engineering company that specializes in extreme environment components and smart sub-systems for aerospace and energy markets (Meggit, 2015). The global workforce of this firm is composed of 10,000 employees and the operations of the company are located across Asia, Europe, North America, Brazil, India, and the Middle East. One of the goals of the corporate governance initiatives of the company is to maintain internal control. The board of directors of the company is composed of nine members. Kevin Cummings is the chief executive officer (CEO) of the firm. Within the board of directors there are four committees. These four committees are the executive committee, audit committee, remuneration committee and nominations committee. Over the last few years three of the awards that the company has won include Quality Achievement Award 2013, Excellent Quality Supplier Award, and Fords certification for manufacturing excellence. GKN generated revenues of  £7,136 million of 2013. The revenues of the company

Movie vs books Essay Example for Free

Movie vs books Essay From our mouths, to writing and finally to film, the way we tell stories has evolved over time and I must say thank God for its advancements. Reading a book can be nice but thanks to movies all the work of deciphering the message of the story is done through the director of the motion picture. He is responsible for researching the story to find the intent of the writers and will often consult with the writer to bring you the true meaning of the story. The director brings the story to life on screen with words, images, and sounds, leaving little to wonder, taking out the questions of what the story is about and leaving us with little or no debate. Examples of this can be seen in the Hollywood productions of the movies â€Å"Holes† and â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. The movie Holes (2003) was directed by Andrew Davis who used the writer of Holes, Louis Sacher as a consultant on the set during production (Movie Hole Interview October 6, 2003). The movie follows the life of a boy, Stanley, who due to a family curse, ends up in a juvenile detention center out in the middle of nowhere after being falsely accused of stealing shoes. A witch has placed a curse on Stanley’s family causing this turn of events; the curse can’t be removed until he completes certain tasks for his best friend. At the detention center he is brought together by fate with a boy named Zero who will become his best friend. Through trials and tribulations he and his friend are able to stay united, break the family curse, and get out of the juvenile detention center. Holes was one of my favorite movies growing up, and I have also read the book, I believe the movie follows the storyline of the book down to its minutest details. The movie provided all of the key factors that the book Holes was trying to convey, and in comparing the two I was almost stunned at the realization that the two were one in the same. The movie gives the reader and viewer the same theme time and time again throughout the story; friends will get you through the day, and stick to your goals. The Great Gatsby is another movie that I’m sure many people are familiar with and the story is one I myself have fallen in love with. Like holes I have also read the book that was based on the most recent Great Gatsby (2013) movie remake by director Baz Luhrmann. It is a marvelous movie that evokes a person’s passion, yet wills you to move on past lost love. In the movie we follow the narrator who takes us into the world of Gatsby, a Debonair Millionaire. From watching the movie we may conclude that everything Gatsby does throughout the story is for a woman name Daisy, whom is in love with and desires. To impress her he throws luxurious parties and to be closer to her he buys a mansion across the bay from her. Unfortunately due to his misplaced love, a love that should have been for God, he moves to corruption and swindling to attain his love, alas the only love he receives is the one who loves all, Death. Director, Baz Luhrmann tells the New York Times (May 9, 2013) â€Å"That he sticks close to the details of the story and lifts dialogue and description directly from the novels†. In doing so he is helping to provide us with a view of the story that the writer envisioned. Yet personal interpretation can be a problem within itself when comparing a movie to a book. While there is normally one message you can take away from a movie, with a book readers are able to decipher messages differently possibly coming to a conclusion the author never intended in the first place. Take the book 50 shades of Grey, which is rumored to be a movie soon, while discussing it with several women I have gotten several different interpretations of its meaning. Many saw the book as a romance novel with a main character that falls deeply in love. While some saw the main character as a scary control freak who liked to beat up his women. As for myself, I took it as a trashy love story reminding us of things we all secretly wish for, like the change to be a millionaire and to have incredible sex. So in conclusion, I can say with certainty that movies are the media in today’s society that can create a clear and concise message closely delivering what the writer had intended for its audience. While books can tell a story and allow the reader to use their imagination when determining the message of the writer we are often unsure about what message the writer was truly trying to convey when we finish the book. Movies provide us with words, sights and sounds that give us a clearer picture as to what the writer is trying to tell us. When we finish watching a movie we are left with little room for interpretation or argument and when we leave the theater we are satisfied that we have a good understanding of the writers true message was.

Web Pages :: Internet Technology Computers Essays

Web Pages The phrase "point and click" is all too familiar to the basic computer user these days. With their computers, people now have the power to do see and do a plethora of things with this phrase. Thanks to the invasion of cyberspace, even more possibilities exist to the everyday computer user. The Internet is an almost infinite resource for providing great reference information, entertainment, and other everyday needs. Obviously, people have their preferences of which pages they find the best or most useful. It is also quite clear that different pages have different purposes and therefore are displayed quite differently. For the expert computer user, time seems to play a factor in a good web page in terms of a simple yet informative page. Others prefer stunning visual or even audio effects to receive information. Web pages come in all styles and forms and exist for different purposes. Their appeal is completely personal to the viewer. First off, I would like to talk about informational pages. These pages exist for the sole purpose of enabling people to find out about a certain subject. For example, I had to write a research paper on atheism. As I put the word "atheism" through the Lycos search engine, many great pages came up. A very popular thing that web sites have are FAQ's. FAQ's stands for frequently asked questions. Of course, these questions come with answers that are either very blunt and simple, or complex and detailed. I find that most FAQ's give me more than enough information to satisfy my needs. Informational pages tend to not have fancy backgrounds and options such as Quicktime movies, JPEGs, or sound applications. These are a waste of memory and for the most part are not helpful to people who need fast and quotable information. However, people who have the time and interest to utilize these options can benefit from them. For certain subjects like music, sounds are obviously a good thing to have on a page. Links to other related pages are great if you need more than one source to research a certain subject. However, I do not like pages that have thousands and thousands of links. It is overwhelming to find that many links. The web maker should provide around ten good links. After all, the pages that are linked also have many links to them as well.

The Custom Woodworking Company Case Study Essay -- Project Management

Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Custom Woodworking Company Corporate Profile 3 III. Opportunity 4 IV. Project Concepts 5 V. Case Study Proposal 5 VI. Project Processes and Knowledge Areas 6 VII. Project Planning 7 VIII. Quality 8 IX. Cost Estimating 9 X. Risk Identification and Management 10 XI. Facility Startup and Project Closeout 11 XII. Conclusion 12 XIII. Bibliography 13â€Æ' I. Introduction The Custom Woodworking Company (CWC) was founded in 1954 by Ron â€Å"Woody† Carpenter. Woody, after an apprenticeship as a cabinet maker, started his own small woodworking business, specializing in furniture manufacturing. Due to the high quality of the craftsmanship, CWC gained a reputation for their high quality and attractively designed furniture. Since that time, CWC has grown in to a successful mid-size organization, providing several lines of furniture to wholesalers and retail centers, as well as producing and supplying cabinets for residential construction contractors. Throughout the years, CWC has steadily prospered and has created a loyal staff and work force. John Carpenter, Woody’s son, has recently joined the CWC team after completing business degree. Under his strong guidance, CWC has moved into the commercial construction industry, supplying and installing countertops, cabinets, and other fixtures in commercial developments. CWC currently possesses a high reputation for supplying millwork to the construction industry. II. Custom Woodworking Company Corporate Profile Location: Someplace, NY Business: Furniture manufacturing, ... ...ovartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (2013). Project Management Handbook A Working Tool for Project Managers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.novartisfoundation.org/platform/apps/Publication/getfmfile.asp?id=613&el=808&se=1800744&doc=44&dse=4. [Last Accessed 20 April 2014]. PMBOK, (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge : (PMBOK guide). 5th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.. Project Management Institute (PMI) (2013). Project Management Professional (PMP) Handbook. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.pmi.org/certification/~/media/pdf/certifications/pdc_pmphandbook.ashx. [Last Accessed 20 April 2014]. Wideman, M., (1993). Project Management Case Study The Custom Woodworking Company - Woody 2000 Project. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/woody2000/intro.htm. [Last Accessed 24 April 2014].

Prediction of Cross-Axis-Sensitivity of Inertial Micro-Sensor Through Modeling and Simulation

Prediction of Cross-axis-sensitivity of inertial micro-sensor through modeling and simulation B. P. Joshi1, A. B. Joshi2, A. S. Chaware2 , S. A. Gangal*2 1 Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), DRDO Ministry of Defence, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune-411021, India Ph. No. +91-20-2588 4795, Fax No. +91-20-2589 3102 E-mail:[email  protected] org 2 Department of Electronic Science, University of Pune, Pune-411 007, India Abstract: In addition to sensitivity and bandwidth, the cross-sensitivity is an important design parameter for acceleration/ inertial sensor design. In this paper prediction of cross-axis sensitivity of cantilever type of piezoresistive accelerometer is discussed. The effect of variation in geometrical parameters such as width and thickness of flexure & proof mass (PM) on crosssensitivity are studied. Optimization of cross-sensitivity by varying geometrical parameters has been attempted. This paper deals with simulations of skewed type (Flexure perpendicular to proof mass) and planar type (Flexure in plane with Proof mass) structure for cross-axis sensitivity analysis. The simulation and modeling has been carried using Coventorware MEMSCAD software. Keywords: Inertial sensor, Cross-sensitivity, MEMSCAD, FEM. 1 Introduction Micromachined accelerometers are widely used in many applications. Large number of scientists all over the world are working on MEMS based acceleration sensors that are mostly either capacitive or of piezoresistive type. A piezoresistive type of acceleration sensor basically consists of a proof-mass attached to a micro-cantilever (Flexure) all made out of silicon. [1-4]. For piezoresistive accelerometer sensitivity S is defined as relative change in resistance per unit of acceleration. Following mathematical equation defines relation between sensor dimensions and its sensitivity [5]. Equation for sensitivity can be written as: S = K . g . L t 2 (In Pa. ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Eq. 1 Where, S is the sensitivity [stress level], g is the applied acceleration, t is thickness of flexure in  µm, L is length of flexure in  µm, K is the constant of proportionality. An accelerometer is expected to have only one sensitive axis. However, cantilever type of accelerometer is also sensitive in other direction. This undesired sensitivity is called as cross axis sensitivity. Cross axis sensitivity is the maximum sensitivity in the plane perpendicular to the sensitive direction relative to the sensitivity in the measuring direction. It is calculated as the geometric sum of the 1 sensitivities in two perpendicular directions in this plane [6]. If Z is sensitive axis then cross sensitivity is defined as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Eq 2 Where suffix (x, y, z) denotes axis in which sensitivity is measured. Effect of cross sensitivity is one of the most important design considerations. Many attempts have been made to reduce cross sensitivity by the accelerometer designers. 7-8]. Since it is a structure deflecting under influence of inertial force, stress is developed in the flexure due to its bending. Therefore it can be stated that if the width of flexure is much greater than its thickness the cross axis sensitivity will be low. Different types of mechanical designs and structures have been tried by designers to reduce cross-sensitivity effect. Efficient use of four-piezor esistors in bridge structure is mostly tried structure [7]. Another way to reduce cross sensitivity is multi flexure accelerometer [8]. However, all these structures have a major drawback, that is, they require more processing steps as well as larger size on chip. In this paper, single cantilever type piezoresistive accelerometer is presented. The crosssensitivity is analysis is carried out by varying width as well as thickness of flexure and proof mass. Paper discusses simulations carried out for skewed and planner structure accelerometer using Coventorware software. 2 Simulations Cantilever (Flexure) type of piezoresistive accelerometer is modeled and simulated using Coventorware 2003 software. Fig. shows Skewed type acceleration sensor structure, in which Flexure is perpendicular to proof mass and sensitive axis is Y-axis. The sensor is modeled with proof mass having dimension of 2000 µm X 400 µm X 200 µm (LxWxH) and flexure is having dimensions of 100 µm X 50 µm X 12 µm (LxWxH). In this structure, flexure width is in Z-axis and flexure thickness is in Y-axis. Fig. 2 shows the planar type of accelerome ter of the above dimension, in which flexure is in plane with Proof Mass. In this case, flexure width in Y-axis, thickness is in Z-axis. Z-axis is sensitive axis. Simulation is carried out using MemMech solver. The Max stress values are considered for discussion in terms of sensitivity. Z Y X Fig 1: Skewed piezoresistive Accelerometer Fig 2: Planar Piezoresistive Accelerometer 2 Simulations are carried out to find cross-axis sensitivity by varying flexure thickness & flexure width. Simulations are also carried out to find cross-axis sensitivity by varying thickness and width of proof mass. 3 Results and discussions 3. 1 Skewed structure (Fig 1) Simulations were carried out on skewed type of structure (of dimension mentioned in simulations above) by varying its lexure thickness. Flexure thickness is varied from 50  µm to 200  µm and flexure width is kept as 12  µm. Skew structure response for variation in flexure thickness is shown in table No. 1. Here sensitive axis is Y-axis. Table 1: Cross axis sensitivity w. r. to variation in Flex thickness for skewed structure Flexure thickness In  µm 50 100 150 200 Sz Sx Sy (In MPa) (In MPa) (In MPa) 82 6. 5 340 22 1. 5 170 9. 8 0. 52 110 5. 6 0. 19 81 % Cross-Sensitivity 24. 19 12. 97 8. 92 6. 92 Thickness to width ratio 4. 17 8. 33 12. 50 16. 67 It is observed that as the flexure thickness is increased while keeping the width same, cross axis sensitivity decreases but at the cost of sensitivity, which is not acceptable. To minimize this undesirable cross-sensitivity effect, structure is modified. In modified structure, flexure is in plane with proof mass. [Fig no. 2] Further simulations are carried out with Planner structure. 3. 2 Planar Accelerometer Planner accelerometer of above-mentioned dimensions was simulated. Varying geometrical parameters like thickness & width of proof mass as well as flexure simulations were carried out. The results are given in following paragraphs. Here sensitive axis is Z-axis. 3. 2. 1 Variations in flexure width(FW) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH Solver by varying flexure width from 12 µm to 30  µm while keeping flexure thickness same as 50  µm. Following table shows effect of flexure width on sensitivity as well as cross-sensitivity. Table 2: Cross axis sensitivity for various flexure widths of planar structure Flexure Width (In  µm) 12 18 24 30 Sensitivity Sx Sy Sz(In MPa) (In MPa) (In MPa) 330 28 25. 2 150 13 11. 29 83 7. 4 6. 34 54 4. 9 4. 07 % Cross axis Sensitivity 11. 42 11. 48 11. 74 11. 80 Thickness to width ratio 4. 7 2. 78 2. 08 1. 67 3 It can be seen from the above results that as thickness to width ratio reduces cross-sensitivity marginally increases but effecting drastic reduction in sensitivity of the sensor. 3. 2. 2 Variation in flexure thickness (FT) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH solver by varying flexure thickness from 50 to 125  µm. F ollowing table shows effect of flexure thickness on sensitivity as well as cross-sensitivity. Table 3: Cross axis sensitivity for various flexure thickness of planar structure Flexure Width (In  µm) 50 75 100 125 Sensitivity Sx Sy Sz(In MPa) (In MPa) (In MPa) 330 28 25. 220 19 14 160 14 8. 8 130 11 5. 9 % Cross sensitivity 11. 42 10. 73 10. 34 9. 60 Thickness to width ratio 4. 17 6. 25 8. 33 10. 42 The simulation results show noticeable reduction in cross-sensitivity as the thickness to width ratio increases. This is because as the flexure becomes more and more stiff, cross-sensitivity decreases. 3. 2. 3 Variation in Prof mass width (PMW) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH solver by varying proof mass width. It is varied from 400 µm to 1000 µm. Here the flexure dimensions are kept original as 100 µm X 50 µm X 12 µm (LxWxH). Following table shows the effect of proof mass width on sensitivity as well as crosssensitivity. Table 4: Effect of Proof-Mass Width variation on cross sensitivity of planar structure PM Width (In  µm) 400 600 800 1000 Sensitivity Sz(In MPa) 330 490 660 830 Sx (In MPa) 28 41 54 66 Sy (In MPa) 25. 2 37. 8 50. 5 63. 2 % Cross axis Sensitivity 11. 42 11. 38 11. 20 11. 01 It can be seen from above results that Variations in Proof mass width have negligible effect on cross sensitivity but helps to increase the sensor sensitivity by many folds. This is due to increase in proof-mass weight. 3. 2. Variation of Prof mass thickness (PMT) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH solver by varying proof-mass thickness. It is varied over from 50 µm to 200 µm. Here also the flexure dimensions are kept as 100 µm X 50 µm X 12 µm (LxWxH). Following table shows effect of proof mass thickness on sensitivity as well as cross-sensitivity. 4 Table 5: Effect of Proof-Mass thickness variation on c ross sensitivity of planar structure PM Thickness (In  µm) 200 150 100 50 Sensitivity Sz(In MPa) 330 250 160 82 Sx (In MPa) 28 16 6. 8 1. 6 % Cross axis Sy Sensitivity = RMS of Sx (In MPa) &Sy / Sz 25. 2 11. 42 13. 57 8. 39 5. 47 5. 45 0. 95 2. 27 It can be seen from above results that cross-sensitivity decreases considerably with decrease in Proof Mass thickness but at the heavy cost of sensitivity. This due to decrease in proof mass weight. Fig No. 3 gives summary of variation in cross-sensitivity with respect to each of the above discussed parameters. Cross Axis Sensitivity for various geometrical parameters. 14. 00 12. 00 % cross-sen. 10. 00 8. 00 6. 00 4. 00 2. 00 0. 00 1 2 3 4 FT PMW FW PMT Fig 3: Graph of summary of variation in cross-sensitivity for geometrical parameters The proof mass width and flexure thickness doesn’t have much impact on cross sensitivity. In case of flexure width variation, cross sensitivity decreases along with increase in flexure width. The bending stress caused by transverse acceleration in X, Y direction is much less then stress caused by desired acceleration in Z direction. Thus for low cross-sensitivity, Ratio of width to thickness should be high. These results have good agreements with earlier reported results [7-8] 4) Conclusions A cross sensitivity effect is studied by varying geometrical parameter like thickness as well as width of flexure and proof mass. Following conclusions can be drawn from all of the above simulation Skewed structure has much higher cross-sensitivity as compared to planar type of structure for the same thickness to width ratio of flexure. (Compare values of in table 1 and 2 for thickness to width ratio of 4. 17). But they have similar sensitivity. When Thickness to Width ratio is increased to 8. 33 in case of skewed structure its crosssensitivity drastically reduces but is still higher than plan structure. One can safely increase sensor sensitivity by increasing proof mass weight by increasing width in planar structure. Variations in flexure thickness and Proof Mass width doesn’t affect cross ensitivity. For better low cross-sensitivity, thickness to width ratio of flexure for planar type of design should be as low as possible and further sensitivity can be enhanced by increasing proof mass width. 5 Acknowledgements The authors thank ARDE, Pune, Ministry of Defence for funding the research work on development of micro accelerometer at University of Pune. Shri BP Joshi, Scientist ‘F’, would like to thank Director ARDE for giving opportunity to work on the project and also to Dr. S. K. Salwan (Guide for Ph. D. ) for his valuable guidance and suggestions. References 1. J. A. Plaza, J. Esteve, E. Lora-Tamayo, Simple technology for bulk accelerometer based on bond and etch back silicon on insulator wafers, Sensors and Actuators, A68, 1992, p199-302 2. Aaron Partridge, J. Kurth Reynolds, Benjamin W. Chui, Eugene, M. Chow, A HighPerformance Planar Piezoresistive Accelerometer, JMEMS, vol 9, No. 1, March 2000, p 58-66. 3. R. P. Van Kampen, R. F. Woffenbuttel, Modelling the mechanical behaviour of bulkmicro machined silicon accelerometers, Sensors and Actuators, A64, 1998, p137-150 4. L M Roylance and J B Angell, â€Å" A batch fabricated silicon accelerometer. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-26. pp. 1911-1917. Dec. 1979. 5. Sabrie Soloman, Sensors Handbook, MGH Publications, 1998 pg no 66. 31 6. Kaiyu chen. A survey of piezoresistive semiconductor accelerometer. EE663 microelectronic sensor project report. 7. H. crazzolara, G. Flach, W. von Munch. Piezoresistive accelerometer with overload protection and low cross-sensitivity. Sensor and actuators A . 39(1993)201-207 8. Homg chen, Mihang bao. A piezoresistive accelerometer with novel vertical beam structure. Sensor and actuators. A63(1997) 19- 25. 6

Mephibosheth Guest Speaker †Economics Essay

Mephibosheth Guest Speaker – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers Mephibosheth Guest Speaker Economics Essay Private organizations are often more effective than the established government in the less-developed nations of the world. The majority of nations do not have a system in place to help the needy, whether it is a lack of financial capability, or a lack of a coherent and organized political or institutional structure that is able to administer these services to the people. NPOs can help to fill in this gap by providing the needy everything from basic food and medical supplies to job and occupational training to help people provide for themselves and their families. Mephibosheth seems to be providing many communities around the world with job and skill training, with which the trainees can then use to operate their own business or self-sustaining community. Working with families and young people is important in determining the economic and political future of a nation. People trained with basic economic skills will be able to improve the lives of the people around them, and perhaps influence and create the future leaders of that nation, who may then be able to use their positions of power to further help for the poor. However, in the current stage of Mephibosheth’s operations, teaching people skills that they can use to make a living with is a vast improvement from their previous condition – no skills to make money with, no capital to start a business venture with, no chance of government aid, and most importantly, little to no hope for a better future. The first thing I found interesting about Mephibosheth’s approach is that everyone has to contribute something in return for whatever they receive, like the children picking up firewood to get a meal. I found it interesting, because it is different from a simple handout from the organization, and instead teaches people that nothing is truly free in this world, and labor and time is necessary to accomplish something, much like the concept of opportunity cost, and how there is â€Å"no such thing as a free lunch.† The second thing I found interesting is that one school in South America, which looked remarkably large, and more like a high-rise apartment complex. I was just wondering exactly how much that facility cost, and how much money Mephibosheth is receiving from donors, and how much they need to operate and run their operations across the world. Research Papers on Mephibosheth Guest Speaker - Economics EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAW

Feldspar Distinctions, Characteristics Identification

Feldspar Distinctions, Characteristics Identification Feldspars are a group of closely related minerals that together are the most abundant mineral in the Earths crust. A thorough knowledge of the feldspars is what separates geologists from the rest of us. How to Tell Feldspar Feldspars are hard minerals, all of them with a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale. This lies between the hardness of a steel knife (5.5) and the hardness of quartz (7). In fact, feldspar is the standard for hardness 6 in the Mohs scale. Feldspars usually are white or nearly white, though they may be clear or light shades of orange or buff. They usually have a glassy luster. Feldspar is called a rock-forming mineral, very common, and usually makes up a large part of the rock. In sum, any glassy mineral thats slightly softer than quartz is very likely considered a feldspar. The main mineral that might be confused with feldspar is quartz. Besides hardness, the biggest difference is how the two minerals break. Quartz breaks in curvy and irregular shapes (conchoidal fracture). Feldspar, however, breaks readily along flat faces, a property called cleavage. As you turn a piece of rock in the light, quartz glitters and feldspar flashes. Other differences: quartz is usually clear and feldspar is usually cloudy. Quartz appears in crystals more commonly than feldspar, and the six-sided spears of quartz are very different from the generally blocky crystals of feldspar. What Kind of Feldspar? For general purposes, like picking granite for a countertop, it doesnt matter what type of feldspar is in a rock. For geological purposes, feldspars are quite important. For rockhounds without laboratories, its enough to be able to tell the two main types of feldspar, plagioclase (PLADGE-yo-clays) feldspar and alkali feldspar. The one thing about plagioclase thats usually different is that its broken faces- its cleavage planes- almost always have fine parallel lines across them. These striations are signs of crystal twinning. Each plagioclase grain, in reality, is typically a stack of thin crystals, each with its molecules arranged in opposite directions. Plagioclase has a color range from white to dark gray, and its typically translucent. Alkali feldspar (also called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar) has a color range from white to brick-red, and its typically opaque. Many rocks have both feldspars, like granite. Cases like that are helpful for learning to tell the feldspars apart. The differences can be subtle and confusing. Thats because the chemical formulas for the feldspars blend smoothly into each other. Feldspar Formulas and Structure What is common to all the feldspars is the same arrangement of atoms, a framework arrangement, and one basic chemical recipe, a silicate (silicon plus oxygen) recipe. Quartz is another framework silicate, consisting only of oxygen and silicon, but feldspar has various other metals partly replacing the silicon. The basic feldspar recipe is X(Al,Si)4O8, where X stands for Na, K, or Ca. The exact composition of the various feldspar minerals depends on what elements balance the oxygen, which has two bonds to fill (remember H2O?). Silicon makes four chemical bonds with oxygen; that is, its tetravalent. Aluminum makes three bonds (trivalent), calcium makes two (divalent) and sodium and potassium make one (monovalent). So the identity of X depends on how many bonds are needed to make up the total of 16. One Al leaves one bond for Na or K to fill. Two Als leaves two bonds for Ca to fill. So there are two different mixtures that are possible in the feldspars, a sodium-potassium series and a sodium-calcium series. The first is alkali feldspar and the second is plagioclase feldspar. Alkali Feldspar in Detail Alkali feldspar has the formula KAlSi3O8, potassium aluminosilicate. The formula actually is a blend ranging from all sodium (albite) to all potassium (microcline), but albite is also one endpoint in the plagioclase series so we classify it there. This mineral is often called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar because potassium always exceeds sodium in its formula. Potassium feldspar comes in three different crystal structures that depend on the temperature it formed at. Microcline is the stable form below about 400 C. Orthoclase and sanidine are stable above 500 C and 900 C, respectively. Outside the geological community, only dedicated mineral collectors can tell these apart. But a deep green variety of microcline called amazonite stands out in a pretty homogeneous field. The color is from the presence of lead. The high potassium content and high strength of K-feldspar make it the best mineral for potassium-argon dating. Alkali feldspar is a crucial ingredient in glass and pottery glazes. Microcline has a minor use as an abrasive mineral. Plagioclase in Detail Plagioclase ranges in composition from Na[AlSi3O8] to calcium Ca[Al2Si2O8], or sodium to calcium aluminosilicate. Pure Na[AlSi3O8] is albite, and pure Ca[Al2Si2O8] is anorthite. The plagioclase feldspars are named according to the following scheme, where the numbers are the percentage of calcium expressed as anorthite (An): Albite (An 0–10)Oligoclase (An 10–30)Andesine (An 30–50)Labradorite (An 50–70)Bytownite (An 70–90)Anorthite (An 90–100) The geologist distinguishes these under the microscope. One way is to determine the minerals density by putting crushed grains in immersion oils of different densities. (Albites specific gravity is 2.62, anorthites is 2.74, and the others fall in between.) The really precise way is to use thin sections to determine the optical properties along the different crystallographic axes. The amateur has a few clues. An iridescent play of light can result from optical interference inside some feldspars. In labradorite, it often has a dazzling blue hue called labradorescence. If you see that its a sure thing. Bytownite and anorthite are rather rare and unlikely to be seen. An unusual igneous rock consisting of only plagioclase is called anorthosite. A noteworthy occurrence is in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains; another one is the Moon.

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners Indirect questions are a form used to be more polite in English. Consider the following situation: You are talking to a man at a meeting that you have never met. However, you know his name and also that this man knows a colleague named Jack. You turn to him and ask, Where is Jack? You might find that the man seems a little bothered and says he doesnt know. He isnt very friendly. You wonder why he seems bothered. Its probably because you didnt introduce yourself, didnt say excuse me, and- most importantly- you asked a direct question. Direct questions might be  considered rude when speaking to strangers. To be more polite we often use indirect question forms. Indirect questions serve the same purpose as direct questions but are considered more formal. One of the main reasons for this is that English does not have a formal you form. In other languages, its possible to use the formal you in order to make sure you are polite. In English, we turn to indirect questions. Forming Indirect Questions Information questions are posed using the question words where, what, when, how, why, and which. In order to form an indirect question,  use an introductory phrase followed by the question itself in positive sentence structure: Introductory phrase question word   positive sentence Connect the two phrases with the question word or ‘if’ in the case the question is a yes/no question. that begins without a question word. Examples Where is Jack? I was wondering if you know where Jack is.When does Alice usually arrive? Do you know when Alice usually arrives?What have you done this week? Can you tell me what youve done this week?How much does it cost? Id like to know how much it costs.Which color suits me? Im not sure which color suits me.  Why did he leave his job? I wonder why he left his job. Common Phrases Here are some of the most common phrases used for asking indirect questions. Many of these phrases are questions (i.e., Do you know when the next train leaves?), while others are statements made to indicate a question (i.e., I wonder if he will be on time.). Do you know †¦ ?I wonder / was wondering †¦.Can you tell me †¦ ?Do you happen to know ...?I have no idea ...Im not sure ...Id like to know ... Sometimes we also use these phrases to indicate that wed like some more information: Do you know when the concert begins?I wonder when he will arrive.Can you tell me how to check out a book.I’m not sure what he considers appropriate.I don’t know if he is coming to the party this evening. Quiz Now that you have a good understanding of indirect questions. Heres a short quiz to test your understanding. Take each direct question and create an indirect question with an introductory phrase. What time does the train leave?How long will the meeting last?When does he get off work?Why have they waited so long to react?Are you coming to the party tomorrow?Which car should I choose?Where are the books for the class?Does he enjoy hiking?How much does the computer cost?Will they attend the conference next month? Answers The answers use a variety of introductory phrases. There are many introductory phrases that are correct, only one is shown. Make sure to check the word order of the second half of your answer. Can you tell me what time the train leaves?I have no idea how long the meeting will last.Im not sure when he gets off work.  Do you know why they have waited so long to react?I wonder if you are coming to the party tomorrow.Im not sure which care I should choose.Can you tell me where the books for the class are?I dont know if he enjoys hiking.Do you happen to know how much the computer costs?Im not sure if they will attend the conference next month.

Forum 3 research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forum 3 research methods - Essay Example It was found that people who wanted the inclusion of homosexuals into the protected group supported the hate crime law whereas others that wanted homosexuals out of the protected group rejected the hate crime law. As contained by the theory of identity politics, the data-supported path model helped the researchers find that the people who considered the hate crimes a source of fear among the victim group’s members as well as the economic and social liberals raised their support for the inclusion of the homosexuals into the hate crime laws. Rest of the research findings were not consistent with the theory of identity politics that considers the movement a united front. A surprising finding of the research was that the likelihood of belief in the increase of hate crimes was found to be more in the social conservatives as compared to the economic conservatives. All variables possibly having some kind of indirect or direct relationship with the dependent model included in the study were displayed in the form of a skeletal model shown in the article as Fig. 1. The skeletal model’s fundamental dependent variable was the general extent of support of a respondent for a hate crime law containing the condition of penalty enhancement. The definition of a variable as the dependent or independent variable depended upon the regression. In total, seven regressions were performed. In the first regression, the dependent variable in the skeletal model i.e. general hate crime law attitude was shown towards the extreme right with all of the independent variables towards the left. In the subsequent six regressions, â€Å"the dependent variables were homosexual inclusion, verbal aggression inclusion, hate crimes increased, fear among other group members, social liberalism/conservatism, and economic liberalism/conservatism† (Johnson and Byers, 2 003, p. 232), whereas the independent variables in these six regressions were all variables towards the left of but not above or

British Avante Garde Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British Avante Garde Films - Essay Example In spite of their seeming records for a status in a new anti-realist genre (including crime films and science fiction film), most of them were placed in the sunset world of lukewarm black and white B-movies. Such censures ultimately could stir the scholars and experts a bit and in recent times there is a sturdy growth in publications on British cinema although compared to the American scene the subject is still suffers from a relative lack of material. The tidy and wide contours the Hollywood cinema attained during the fifties and sixties and profited from the growth of film studies in the seventies. This is yet to be imitated in British cinema. Among the many revealing dealing of British film history Sarah Street's book British National Cinema (published in 1997). Street shows that "there is no such thing as a typical British film" (198). She , in this book has made a much more fascinating study by explaining the range in British movie making while revealing its evident historical trends - a study that could really snub those critics who always jeer at British cinema for not being "particularly interesting or worthy of study" (199). Here, she has traced the growth of the British Film industry, from the Lumiere brothers' first viewing in London in 1896, the manipulative power of Hollywood and the harsh financial disasters that affected British films. Sarah Street uses the ideas of 'official' and 'unofficial' cinema showing how British cinema has been both 'respectable' and 'disreputable' and eventually making us reveal why British cinema has constantly been treated indifferently by the authority and administration. Comparing Britain and Hollywood, Sarah asks what was the real historical and social function of the British 'star system'."British films" are always films that have been produced in England rather than Scotland, Wales and Ireland, or to be even more exact films made in London and its outer suburbs. Another interesting point here is the way "British Cinema" clutches "British-ness", the historical, cultural, social and psychological factors, traditions and values that most frequently linked with the British identity involving the duty to rebuild the British cinematic image implying the national identity. British film industry had the same starts and novelties as its foils in Europe and America and that all through its history it was both part of a larger cinematic society and it had to deal with same challenges as other national film industries. The British cinema has a history as lengthy as the history of cinema itself. There are also directors i n British cinema that can gloriously be entitled as "the inventor of cinema", the most remarkable among them being William Friese-Greene (1855 -1921), a portrait photographer turned film director, who, just like his French and American matching parts, was working for the creation of the cinematographic tools and is referred by many as the initiator in motion photography. He was a creator who conducted tests with moving image devices at the beginning of cinema that, after his death, was claimed

BA_Assignment_1_Marketing_Essentials_2012_2013 Essay

BA_Assignment_1_Marketing_Essentials_2012_2013 - Essay Example the various definitions of marketing that are there, the most prominent as well as well accepted ones are given by Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) and American Marketing Association (AMA). On the other hand, the American Marketing Association (AMA) has defined marketing as ‘activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating communication, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large’ (AMA, 2007). Again, eminent marketing gurus such as Kotler and Armstrong has been of the opinion that marketing is ‘the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return’ (2008). Thus in the light of what the most eminent associations as well as personalities in marketing have opined, it becomes clear that marketing is basically a holistic process that includes a lot of processes as well as functions. However, whatever the number or for that matter purview of the functions be, the ultimate end that marketing serves is basically value for customers, clients, partners, and society alike. Thus, apart from the varied functions marketing serves, generation of value through the process of marketing is the ultimate end it serves. Among the basic concepts that marketing takes into consideration, needs, wants and demand are of paramount importance (Abu & Kamarulzaman, 2009). The basic premise of marketing is verily dependent on these three terms since it is the proper understanding of needs, wants and demand of the marketer’s target customers that leads to successful marketing efforts on the part of the marketer. Also, the product or service on offer by the marketer is of immense importance. Given that the concept of modern marketing revolves not around the product but around the customer, marketing efforts should focus on the needs, wants as well as demand of customers and use these pieces of information to

Analyze what a country must consider regarding the major issues of Essay

Analyze what a country must consider regarding the major issues of monetary and exchange rate policies - Essay Example The exchange rate policy of a country on the other hand works in synergy with the monetary policy as a means of effectively administering a variety and broad range of economic issues and policies. In general, it had been expressed that the exchange rate is a factor that enable and provide the monetary policy a basis to update and maintain rules and guidelines for economic engagements in the national and international arena (International Monetary Fund, 2004). Upon the determination of the main coverage of the concepts of the monetary and exchange rate policy, the main objective of determining the main issues targeted by the said policies is at hand. It can be considered that the policies related to the monetary and exchange rates of the country vary according to the respective economic capacity and standing. For that it is important to determine the issues, factors and concepts that a nation needs in relation to the said policies. In terms of the monetary policy of a nation, there are different categories of factors that affect the concept. These factors include inflation, economic output and employment with the concern on the effects of demand and supply of different goods which are defined and covered by the fiscal policy of a nation. These factors are monitored by a central body commonly referred to as the central bank of the country (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2007). The different monetary frameworks deal with the different issues related to the enforcement of the monetary policies. One is the inflation targeting framework that is aimed to establish a clear communication of the possible inflation rates planned for a nation with accountability guidelines in terms of the central bank actions regarding inflation objectives. Another important issue is related to the interaction of the exchange rate policy to monetary policy by acting as an anchor and basis of the monetary rates.

NFL Lockout and the Fans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NFL Lockout and the Fans - Research Paper Example The lockout has led to uncertainties about the game of football which is eagerly awaited by the fans. In the war between the owners and the players, the ultimate burden is borne by the potential audience and other fans who have invested in products and services related to the sport. Before understanding the problem it is important to understand the significance of the ‘Final League Year’ that is 2010. In this year salary caps would not exist but there will be noteworthy restrictions of the lessening of players’ benefits. After this year the club will be free from its commitment to finance the different programs such as second career savings, severance and performance based pay etc. The payment made by the league for funding of such plans comprise of above $10 million for each club. The problem has culminated mainly into that of disputes between workers and employers. After the 1974 season this occurred again when the season’s sport was awaiting a halt. The District Court of US instructed the league to operate again. But without the CBA the confused persists and there are no ceilings or floor of payments and no benefit schemes. The scheduled game between Chicago Bears and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Wembley Stadium of London lie challenged especially if the problem is not resolved by September 8, 2011 (Battista). A review of the major concerns which preside over the lockout points out the disagreement on the division of $9.3 billion annual revenues between the two parties (league owners and the players). The players believe themselves to be major contributors to the game and the success of the league. They help the owners become rich. The owners on the other hand were more obsessed with the money they saw flowing in and did not ant to spend a substantial part on the players’ benefits. They believe it is more important to spend the money on stadiums and other infrastructures rather than submitting to their obligation in providing financial securities to the players. Also the owners might be blamed for paying less and venturing to make them play more games a season. One of the ethical issues concerns the players’ access to financial information which has been restricted by the owners (Maske). Till now the advantages stood in favor to the players but now they are inclined towards the owners who have the upper hand or dominating position. The court granted the league their original request for a temporary stay of order in April. After a month’s discussion the league made a second proposal to end the deadlock. The players were initially reluctant especially after the decision of Nelson but at present they have little option but to take the proposal of the league seriously. However the season 2011 is still not confirmed (Wilson). At this juncture, Bryant observes that the fans have learned the lesson, â€Å"those who own the teams, the commissioner who runs the league and, to a far lesser extent, the players who run the routes, sack the quarterbacks and score the touchdowns have so little perspective that they believe their inability to divide the $9 billion is, in the real world, important. We all know better.† (Bryant) Both the sides need to respect the people who spend their money buying tickets and sport

Analyze what a country must consider regarding the major issues of Essay

Analyze what a country must consider regarding the major issues of monetary and exchange rate policies - Essay Example The exchange rate policy of a country on the other hand works in synergy with the monetary policy as a means of effectively administering a variety and broad range of economic issues and policies. In general, it had been expressed that the exchange rate is a factor that enable and provide the monetary policy a basis to update and maintain rules and guidelines for economic engagements in the national and international arena (International Monetary Fund, 2004). Upon the determination of the main coverage of the concepts of the monetary and exchange rate policy, the main objective of determining the main issues targeted by the said policies is at hand. It can be considered that the policies related to the monetary and exchange rates of the country vary according to the respective economic capacity and standing. For that it is important to determine the issues, factors and concepts that a nation needs in relation to the said policies. In terms of the monetary policy of a nation, there are different categories of factors that affect the concept. These factors include inflation, economic output and employment with the concern on the effects of demand and supply of different goods which are defined and covered by the fiscal policy of a nation. These factors are monitored by a central body commonly referred to as the central bank of the country (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2007). The different monetary frameworks deal with the different issues related to the enforcement of the monetary policies. One is the inflation targeting framework that is aimed to establish a clear communication of the possible inflation rates planned for a nation with accountability guidelines in terms of the central bank actions regarding inflation objectives. Another important issue is related to the interaction of the exchange rate policy to monetary policy by acting as an anchor and basis of the monetary rates.

Evaluate at least three quality improvement processes Research Paper

Evaluate at least three quality improvement processes - Research Paper Example The report therefore compares and contrasts three forms of quality improvement processes and among the discussed process, one favorable for the company is recommended to improve the performance of the company. Introduction The Baldrige criteria for performance excellence, ISO 9000 and the Six Sigma are three quality improvement processes that provide a completely new way of helping organizations improve in their performances. The first process focuses on the estimation of performance excellence of the organization as a whole starting from the management tracking all the results as exhibited by the organization. ISO 9000 on the other hand is a model that gives much weight on the product or the service and how it performs in the market. The inefficiencies of the products or the service are then fixed for better performance (Harrington, 2001). In this category, we have the six sigma; this constantly measures the quality of the product while improving the engineering process to result in to an improvement of the process and saves the costs of the organization. In an effort to know which will be applicable to improving the performance of this company in terms of saving cots and realizing profitability, we have to analyze the three intensively (Dew & Nearing, 2004). a. Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence The Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence as a measure that has helped many organizations achieve their goals is today not only acceptable in the US but also worldwide. This is due to its ability to steer organizations through stiff competitive environment through the improvement of their performances. The criterion cuts across all organizations right from healthcare to education of profit and nonprofit organizations by responding swiftly to current challenges (Brown, 2001). They do this by being open and transparent in the governance of the organizations as well as the ethics involved. The criterion is aimed at creating value for the customers of the business. Irrespective of the form of organization the criteria gives a valuable framework that is able to help in the planning and achieving under any environment. This is because it is able to assess organizational performance on a wide range of key business indicators, align the resources available, and improve communication, productivity and effectiveness for the achievement of the organizational goals (Edosomwan & Edosomwan, 2008). The criterion has evolved over time with its characteristics, goals and purposes remaining the same. The criteria lay its focus on all the results of the performances of the organization for balancing all the strategies of the firm. It does not prescribe and is adaptable hence allowing for creativity and flexibility in the organization to enable achievement of the goals. Supports the systems in place and at the same time supporting goals based diagnosis for future improvements (Brown, 2001). The goals of the criteria are delivery, improvement, organi zational and personal learning. The purpose of the criteria is to allow for its use by organizations of all categories for the sake of self assessment and training so as to develop performance of the businesses. The system is able to realize an achievement of its purpose by stressing on leadership, strategic planning, measurement, and analysis and knowledge management. Others are, focus on the workforce, management of the process and results (Edosomwan & Edo

Low Voter Turnout Essay Example for Free

Low Voter Turnout Essay SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article was written in 1992, basically saying that the fight over ideologies was done, cold war was over, and we were ending the 20th century with America on top. Compare that to today, we compete with China, and Washington fights over ideologies are the greatest they’ve ever been. It’s beneficial for our country when some people don’t vote because it is important for a candidate to be properly chosen rather than many people voting just to vote. Many people are not properly educated throughout the political competition. For example, many young adults get their information from the media such as television or radio. Therefore, not many follow the political views of each and every candidate. MAIN POINT OF ARTICLE: Charles Krauthammer’s main point is that there is not an issue with some people not voting. The low voter turnout is beneficial for our government. UNDERSTANDING OF THE ISSUE: IS THERE A PROBLEM WITH VOTER TURNOUT? There is not a problem with low voter turnout because that would signify that educated people voted. It is better for the people who don’t care about politics not to vote because if they would vote there is a chance they could jeopardize the outcome. There is no point in voting if they did not take the time to learn about or care about the issues in the society. For example, let’s say that people are voting whether or not guns should be illegal. If most people who are serious about politics voted that guns should be illegal and let’s say the other people who don’t take it seriously voted that guns should not be illegal, then there would be a big problem. WHAT COULD BE DONE ABOUT SUCH A PROBLEM? There could be more education in schools for younger adults in college and high school about politics. More specifically, candidates can approach young age groups at schools and talk about the important issues going on around t hem. HOW DO OTHER COUNTRIES APPROACH THIS PROBLEM? Political instability causes higher voter turnout in other countries.

business plan on a creative international school

business plan on a creative international school In Bangladesh, Providing education to children and teenagers through English medium school is a service oriented business that has been practiced so far by private and non-government organizations. This feasibility study deals with the possibilities and requirements of setting up an English medium school in Dhaka city (Dhanmondi area). In todays world like Food, Cloth and Shelter, Education has become one of the basic needs, on the other hand providing education in a systematic and accurate manner still remain a great challenge. In Dhaka along with the government schools there are so many private schools, especially private English medium schools that are providing education to the children and teenagers. Signboards, banner, leaflets, and advertisements of such schools can be seen in everyday newspaper or at any street or area of Dhaka. But most of these schools hardly meet the expectation of the parents and are hardly able to educate in a systematic way using English language as the medium of exchange. Keeping these facts in mind, considering a project to setup a quality private English medium school in Dhaka is very rational. The name of my English medium school is Creative International School and it will locate at house no-32, Road no-3, Dhanmondi , Dhaka- 1205. It will satisfy the consumer need by providing education to 4 to 18 year old children and teenagers, using up to date and high quality learning methods adopted from deputed schools in United Kingdom. In addition it will become the best English medium school in Bangladesh within 2012 in the following areas:- Teaching method Teachers quality Student development Student quality Student intake Learning environment Teaching environment Working environment This project aims to establish CIS to attain these objectives for achieving features of high standards. The promoter: The promoter of the proposed CIS has sufficient experience and knowledge in the concerned field. The brief profile are given below- Name Age Contact address Phone number Kaniz Fatema 24 Flat 2, Delafield House, Christian Street, London +447574560200 Md. Farid Alam 25 Flat 40, Langdon House IDA Street, London +44740-4499400 M. Razibul hassan 26 House no 29 Road no 2 Dhanmondi, Dhaka +88029110210 +8801711389697 Mohammed Hafezul Islam 25 House no 27 Road no 2 Dhanmondi, Dhaka +88029110210 +8801711519729 The proposed school will have the legal form of a private limited company. The four promoters will be the four partners of the business. The partnership deed and agreements are already signed by the four promoters in accordance with the existence law of partnership in Bangladesh. The ability of the promoters to establish such school reflects their capabilities in several aspects. Economics of one unit: Since our main goal is to provide better education by forming Creative International School (CIS), we will not get profit. We are four founder just take 10000 as our salary, and rest of the profit will be distributed to fundamental development. If any one want to get away he can, but he will not get any profit. We are going to form a private English medium school, which name is Creative International School (CIS). Our main competitive advantages are to provide better education than other existence English medium school. Our per unit means per class students that means how much money will save from one class students in a month. Creative International School Economics of one unit Accounts name Unit cost S Revenue 1200 Less: Variable cost 123.1528 Contribution margin 1076.847 Less: Fixed cost 871.7593 Net profit 205.088 Evaluating our business idea: Our education, current organization position, and our experiences are listed below by a table- Name Education Current organization and position Previous experience Kaniz Fatema Sharmin (International relationship UK) Managing Director, Teleno CO. Ltd Assistant country manager, Save the children (UK), Dhaka Md. Farid Alam ( Economics USA ) Directoe Teleno co. Ltd Assistant Professor, London School, UK Mohammed Hafezul Islam ( Finance DU ) Head of Finance BEXIMCO Dhaka Associate Director, Finance, Oxford international school, Dhaka Md. Farid Alam ( IT UK ) Assistance principal, Oxford international school Teacher, Green Leaf School UK SWOT analysis of Creative international school are given below- Strength: High qualified teacher Teachers quality Good learning environment Teaching environment Working environment AC system class room Weaknesses: High risk Teachers politics Complex management Opportunity: Lack of English medium school High qualified governing body A source of social work Threat: Changing government rule Competition Lack of management Business Goal: The short term goal of this report is to primarily apply the determined plan of set up an English medium school. We have mentioned earlier that our main goal is to provide better education. The long term purpose of this report is to have a clear understanding of the activities and requirements of setting up an English medium school in Dhaka. There have been many English medium schools operating in our country for the last ten years. This is a service oriented business, and there not been many formal feasibility studies on how to establish this business. This study mainly focuses on management, marketing, technical, and social economic aspect of the project. Core Beliefs: Three core beliefs are described below- Low cost: Low cost is our main belief that we will provide better education with lower cost rather than other competitors. We are going to take only 1000Tk per month as tuition fees. Every body think that English medium school is only for rich family members because of high cost, however; we are going to omit this concept from general people. Creative international school is for all kind of people in our society. High qualified teacher: We think that our teacher will be highly qualified because we believe that a good teacher can give best effort according to students need. As a result, when we select any teacher, we try to nominate English proficient person. English environment: We believe that English environment is one of complex component duo to learn English language, in addition; we will hopeful that we will be successful to create an English environment which will be benefited for students. Supply and Demand: There are some factors that can influence on demand of our Creative international school. Those factors are discussed below- Tuition fees: tuition fees are one of an important factor that can influence on demand. We know that if price increase demand of something decreases that is why we have determined less tuition fees due to attract general people to admit there their child in our school. Quality: Quality is a curtail factor for determining demand of our educational service. Every body want cheap rate but they do not avoid quality. If quality become low, demand will also be low, as a result; we always try to sustain quality. Availability of other institutions: Demand also depends on availability of other English medium school. If number of English medium There are also some factors that can influence on supply of our service. Since our business is providing service, that is why; it only depend on our quality service. If we provide well praised education , our schools popularity will obviously increase. Strategy: Since Creative international school is a English medium school, so it should create a English environment. CIS will follow fully British education system, this is our main strategy. Tactics: To carry out the strategy, we are going to follow some ways. These are mentioned below- 2.1. Low cost: Low cost is our main competitive advantage that we will provide better education with lower cost rather than other competitors. We are going to take only 1000Tk per month as tuition fees. Every body think that English medium school is only for rich family members because of high cost, however; we are going to omit this concept from general people. Creative international school is for all kind of people in our society. 2.2. Quality of education: This is our second competitive advantage; we know that every thing depend on quality. If our teaching quality is good, we will get more popularity. 2.3. High qualified teacher: This is our competitive advantage; we think that our teacher will be highly qualified because we believe that a good teacher can give best effort according to students need. As a result, when we select any teacher, we try to nominate English proficient person. 2.4. Location: Location is one of big factors behind the successfulness of a business. Creative international school is situated in the center of our target market. We think that each and every student will get the benefit from it. Communication system of Dhanmondi is very good, that is why student can come to school easily Mission Statement: Creative International School is going to provide high quality education by highly qualified teacher with lower cost, which is going to follow British education system. We are mainly focusing on those families who have at least 20,000Tk income monthly. Consumer analysis: In order to learn who our potential customer is, where we can reach them, what they want and need. We can do four types of market research, but we are mainly focusing on statistical research. To understand the number of student intake, in other words for market analysis, for the first year of operation of the school, the following data in the given table have been consulted. Literacy Rate for Person Aged 5 Years And Above By Sex, 20002-20006 Year Both sex Male Female 2005 53.89 45.93 60.10 2009 65.58 61.95 60.08 Sources: Official website of Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS) www.bbsgov.org So in Dhaka, from 2005-2009, literacy rate of children aging from 5years to 14 years had been increased by 16%. However in Dhaka adult literacy rate, population aged 15 years and above, shows a significant increase from 2005 to 2009. In 2009 this figure for Dhaka was highest among all other District of Bangladesh. Adult literacy rate of population aged from 15 years and above in Dhaka by sex. Year Both sex Male Female 2005 37.8 2009 58.67 65.94 48.70 Sources: Official website of Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS) www.bbsgov.org so from the above table it can be seen that adult literacy rate in Dhaka increased by 20.87% in five years from 2005-2009 if similar trend continues for Dhaka also will create the ground for rapid increases of demand for education institutions or school. This assumption of increasing demand can also be supported for the increase in number of schools attending schools in Dhaka. From these trends it can be assumed and projected that in Dhaka demand for an English medium school will be higher than any other districts in Bangladesh. On the basis of such analysis the marketing strategies of Creative International School have been established. Target Consumer: CIS will be situated in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, initially its target is to higher, higher middle, and middle class families students from 4 -12 years. Though the schools aims are to intake students from all class in Dhaka, initially it will intake students from the following locations:- Dhanmondi Lalmatia Mohammadpur Shamoli Shutrabad Azimpur Zigatola Rayer Bazar Thus the above areas will be considered as the primary target market, we have also segmented our market on the basis of age, Gender, Income. These are described below- Age: We have mentioned earlier that our student will be aged at 4 years to 12 years. Gender: Creative International School is a coeducational school; so we are concerning on both male and female. Income: Creative International is for all class families. We are focusing on those families who have at least twenty thousand taka income. Market Analysis: I have mentioned earlier about our primary target market which is going to start from Dhanmondi, Azimpur, Zigatola, and Rayer Bazar. We have segmented our target market by geographically and demographically. Primarily we are not going to target whole Dhaka city, just we are going to mentioned area. Later we will target whole Dhaka city. At the age of four to twelve students are my target markets. How many students have in my targeted area at the age of 4-12 are given below- S. Number Locality Number of students 1 Dhanmondi 7450 2 Lalmatia 4960 3 Mohammadpur 5890 4 Shamoli 6700 5 Azimpur 6003 6 Zigatola 5020 7 Rayer Bazar 6720 8 Sukrabad 5620 Total 48363 We have approximated that there are fourth eight thousand three hundred and sixty three in our approximated targeted area. We have determined that if we get ten percent of the total student, we will be primarily able to start our operating activities. At this stage, our primary target is those families who have at least 20000Tk income. For first year, our target is only ten percent of the total student, but beginning two months if we get only five percent of the total student that is enough. We know English medium school is in the growing stage of the product life cycle because we have followed that only a few English medium schools are situated in Dhaka city. Now some of English medium school is growing up. That is why we can show our service in the growth stage. The Marketing Mix: We have mentioned earlier that Creative International School is a service related business. To provide quality education to its targeted age group, the proposed CIS will include the following specification with its core service delivery process- The language or medium of teaching will be English. Also Bengali language, grammar and literature will be included in the syllabus of all class students. The teaching method for the students of Play group Nursery will be kindergarten style. The method will be updated when necessary to comply with the changes. The teaching method for the students of Play group to Standard five will follow the teaching methods practiced in the United States. The courses and textbooks will be chosen to comply with the teaching methods mentioned above. For courses like history, Geography, religious studies and economics etc. concentration will be given on Bangladesh perspectives. students will be informed and taught properly about all major national, religious and / or any other major events/ festivals in Bangladesh so that the have greater understanding and knowledge about the culture and heritage of Bangladesh. Performance of all teachers and all other employees will be measured with 360 degree appraisal system which will ensure high standards. The school campus will be kept clean, free of hazardous elements and elements and free from smoking. Spacious and proper ventilation, temperature and heating will be ensured. The school will be operated incompliance with all laws of Bangladesh. The service specifications will be updated according to the need and demand of the future whenever is necessary. English medium school is a growing concept in Bangladesh. So it is a relatively easy to identify its use. Pricing strategy: During the first year, we will follow the cost-plus strategy where we are going to add cost and the minimum profit. Since it is a service organization, our main goal is to providing better service no earning profit. That is why we have selected only the cost plus pricing strategy. Promotion Plan: The initial promotion plan for CIS will be targeted towards creating awareness among its target audiences. The following plan will be implemented for this purpose: Advertising media: Newspaper, poster, leaflets, banners. Public relation and publicity: News conference, Parents and children seminar, launching ceremony. Special discount: a special discount will be given to students, if you get admitted within 6 months from the starting months. Sales Commission: Any person including the staffs and teachers of the school who will provide 5 students in any class at a time will receive a sales commission. These promotional plans will be carried in accordance with the overall marketing plan of the promoters. Promoters Marketing Plan: Initially we will set the following plans to market CIS as a unique English medium school:- Positioning CIS as a school that follows most modern concepts of teaching and learning in every advertisement and public relation activity. Giving the CIS and its logo a brand image through advertisement and public relation activities. Distributing leaflets, fliers, among families of the target groups living in the surrounding geographical area for six months and once in every month for the second to sixth months. Using attractive banners and posters in the same geographical areas in places where they will be most visible by the target group. Arrange seminar regarding to English medium school in Dhaka. The seminar will be for parents and the children of the target customer areas. It will take place 7 days before the inaugural program of the school. Selected students, whose performance will be below expectations, will be rewarded if they can enhance their performance within a year. Everyday at school hours either the principal or vice principal will be available for the students and parents counseling regarding any issue. The counselors will also act as customer service persons and will listen to any complaints from students and parents act upon it. The marketing plans by the promoters are chiefly focused on building awareness among target customers and achieving long term relationship with them. The awareness building activities will continue hand to hand with the promotional activities to initiate positive actions from the target audience. Break even analysis: Break even point= Fixed cost/Unit contribution margin =627667/1077 =582 Students If Creative International school teaches 583 students per moths, it will get to on break even point. Break even point analysis by Graph: Number of St V. Costs F. Costs Profit 50 $6,150 627666 10250 200 $24,600 627666 41000 300 $36,900 627666 61500 350 $43,050 627666 71750 500 $61,500 627666 102500 700 $86,100 627666 143500 800 $98,400 627666 164000 1000 $123,000 627666 205000 Sales and Customer Service: We are going to open a service business, where we will provide education service. Our competitive advantages are quality of education, low cost, high qualified teacher, and good environment for education. Three of this are described below:- 9.1. Low cost: Low cost is our main competitive advantage that we will provide better education with lower cost rather than other competitors. We are going to take only 1000Tk per month as tuition fees. Every body think that English medium school is only for rich family members because of high cost, however; we are going to omit this concept from general people. Creative international school is for all kind of people in our society. Quality of education: This is our second competitive advantage; we know that every thing depend on quality. If our teaching quality is good, we will get more popularity. High qualified teacher: This is our competitive advantage; we think that our teacher will be highly qualified because we believe that a good teacher can give best effort according to students need. As a result, when we select any teacher, we try to nominate English proficient person. Location: Location is one of big factors behind the successfulness of a business. Creative international school is situated in House no 29 Road no 2 Dhanmondi, Dhaka. We think that each and every student will get the benefit from it. Communication system of Dhanmondi is very good, that is why student can come to school easily. FINANCE Journal of first month: Income statement: Balance sheet: Creative International School

Essay example --

Natural Monopoly: Telephones, Cable and Broadcasting We all hear the term â€Å"monopoly† before. If somebody doesn't apprehend a monopoly is outlined as â€Å"The exclusive possession or management of the provision or change a artifact or service.† but a natural monopoly could be a little totally different in which means from its counterpart. during this paper we'll be wanting into the question: whether or not the govt. ought to read telephones, cable, or broadcasting as natural monopolies or not; and may they be regulated or not? A "natural monopoly" is outlined in economic science as Associate in Nursing trade wherever the charge of the capital product is thus high that it's not profitable for a second firm to enter and contend. there's a "natural" reason for this trade being a monopoly, specifically that the economies of scale need one, instead of many, firms. Small-scale possession would be less economical. Natural monopolies ar usually utilities like water, electricity, and gas. it'd be terribly pricey to create a second set of water and sewerage pipes during a town. Water and gas delivery service incorporates a high price|fixed charge|fixed costs|charge} and an occasional variable cost. Electricity is currently being deregulated, therefore the generators of electrical power will currently contend. however the infrastructure, the wires that carry the electricity, sometimes stay a natural monopoly, and therefore the varied corporations send their electricity through constant grid (Fred et al., 1999). The t elecommunications trade has within the past been thought of to be a natural monopoly. Like railways and water provision, the existence of many corporations provision constant space would lead to Associate in Nursing inefficient mult... ... and so quite one grid, the value of every grid are going to be touch a smaller variety of subscribers, and therefore the monetary value per subscriber, and thence worth, are going to be higher (445 textbook). All in all i feel the govt. ought to regulate cable, telephones, and broadcasting as natural monopolies as a result of it's usually most effective to maintain natural monopolies, if they honestly ar natural monopolies, however subject them to some variety of government regulation with relation to costs, quality of service, etc. the rationale for not breaking it up is, of course, by definition, the actual fact that a natural monopoly will attain a lower cost than might competitive companies within the same trade. This contrasts with the case for different kinds of monopolies, that it's typically most effective for them to be variable into competitive companies.

Peter I (The Great) Essay -- essays research papers fc

Peter I, was born to Alexis Romanov and his second wife Natalia Naryshkina. Peter grew up in a turbulent period of Russian history. His father’s early death at the age of thirty-one left a bitter struggle for power between the family of Alexis’s first wife’s family, the Miloslavskaias, and Peter’s family. A brief period of reign by Peter’s half brother Fedor (1676-1682) was followed by his half sister Sofia assuming control of Russia as regent from 1682-1689. During this time Peter and his half brother, Ivan V, waited as co-Czars until they came of age. Meanwhile Peter spent many of his formative years in the country estate of Preobrazhenskoe, just outside of Moscow. It was here that Peter fostered his love of warfare, and had his first contact with Westerners. Rather than being educated in the traditional manner, Peter was allowed to play war games. From an assortment of commoners, courtiers, and foreigners Peter formed two regiments, the Preobrazhenskii and Semenovskii, which he outfitted with real weaponry and drilled into what would later become his imperial guard. Also during this time, Peter developed two other passions. The first was sailing, which he first came in contact with by discovering an old English sailboat. The second was the love of all things Western, which came from his frequent visits to the nearby foreign quarter of Moscow. By 1689 Peter had grown to the towering height of six feet seven inches, and was armed with a quick mind and boundless ambition. At...

The Role of the Individual in Matthew Arnold’s “Culture and Anarchy”

The Role of the Individual in Matthew Arnold’s â€Å"Culture and Anarchy† Culture, as defined by Matthew Arnold in his essay â€Å"Culture and Anarchy,† is the drive to attain perfection through development and growth bolstered by knowledge and appreciation of the beauty of humanity. Granted, this is an oversimplification of Arnold’s complex musings on what culture is, but this broad concept of culture, here, is useful in the discussion of the role of the individual in society.Ideally, for Arnold, those that perpetuate this idea of culture are the same people who ought to comprise a kind of rational control within the State. Arnold works to define the three classes of 19th century England (Barbarians, Philistines, and Populace), and makes it clear, following his conditions for culture, that none of the classes have the appropriate means to govern properly. Arnold says, â€Å"It seeks to do away with classes; to make the best that has been thought and know n in the world current everywhere. Ostensibly, it is up to the individual to transcend their class, and nurture the State in a utilitarian fashion. However, the chasm between the maturation of the individual and the ultimate betterment of the community seems daunting. Arnold’s ideal culture originates with the individual, as it is â€Å"a study of perfection,† which is â€Å"an inward condition of the mind and spirit. † Yet, â€Å"Perfection, as culture conceives it, is not possible while the individual remains isolated,† because, it is necessary, in order to obtain a collective perfection, that there be a ready exchange of ideas and sense of commonality.How can the potential danger of isolation via individualism be curbed? Additionally, Arnold is aware that a weighty facet of individualism is that people are concerned with, and believe in, having their personal freedoms—the â€Å"right to do what [one] likes. † This assumption of personal f reedom can, according to Arnold, lead to anarchy. It looks, then, as if there must be a balance between the individual’s duty to himself, and duty to others.Indeed, Arnold contends, â€Å"the men of culture are the true apostles of equality,† at once extolling the potential of the individual, while maintaining the importance of a level society. However, these individuals cannot be ordinary, but must exemplify Arnold’s idea of the â€Å"best self,† or, the individual who is united, rather than at odds, with others. The people that can become their best self are â€Å"persons who are mainly led, not by their class spirit, but by a general humane spirit, by the love of human perfection. Here, the concept of the individual and the community can be reconciled, although the ability of one to completely transcend societal structures is idealistic. This idealism, for Arnold, is transferred to the art of his contemporaries. Regarding 19th century England, Arnold states, â€Å"Each section of the public has its own literary organ, and the mass of the public is without any suspicion that the value of these organs is relative to their being nearer a certain ideal centre of correct information, taste, and intelligence, or farther away from it. As Arnold depicts England’s current situation, it is clear that he believes that literature, like individuals—or as the product of individuals—should embody an ideal cultural universality. In looking at the literature of Victorian England, is it possible that there are any works, which would satisfy Arnold’s criteria for cultural harmony?

A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay

Loss of articular gristle, induration and eburnation of sub-chondral bone, osteophytes and sub-chondral cysts ( Keuttner and Goldberg 1995 ) . Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is the most common upset of the musculoskeletal system and is a effect of mechanical and biological events that destabilize tissue homeostasis in articular articulations. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is presently defined by the American College of Rheumatology as a â€Å"heterogeneous group of conditions that leads to joint symptoms and marks which are associated with faulty unity of articular gristle, in add-on to related alterations in the underlying bone at the joint margins.† The etiology of OA is multi factorial, with inflammatory, metabolic, and mechanical causes. A figure of environmental hazard factors, such as fleshiness, business, and injuries, may originate assorted pathological tracts. OA indicates the devolution of articular gristle together with alterations in sub-chondral bone and mild intra-articular redness. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) has a really high prevalence among middle-aged and aged people and the disease is responsible for significant direct and indirect socioeconomic costs and the intervention options are few and unsatisfactory. The chief intervention aims are to command hurting adequately, better map, and cut down disablement. Acetaminophen is often used for diagnostic OA with mild to chair hurting. Non-steroidal anti, or manual therapy. The value of intercessions aimed at bettering map and maximising independency ( occupational therapy, walking AIDSs, and workplace version ) is besides ill-defined. The disease class and patient ‘s demands frequently change over clip, therefore necessitating a periodic reappraisal and readjustment of therapy instead than the stiff continuance of a individual intervention. The articulatio genus is one of the most normally affected articulations and patients present with a combination of hurting, malformation, redness, stiffness and musculus wasting. The essay reviews the electro magnetic therapy for handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, analysing the underlying rule of what it is and how it works. The research literature on the topic has been exhaustively reviewed to pull a meaningful decision about the effectivity of the method.Electro Magnetic TherapyElectro magnetic therapy is a signifier of alternate medical specialty in which the disease is treated by using electro magnetic energy to the organic structure. Electro magnetic therapy is found to be successful in handling assorted signifiers of physical hurting. The assorted electro magnetic devices, including magnets are used worldwide to laminate hurting, to mend broken castanetss, to alleviate many signifiers of emphasis, and to alleviate symptoms affecting the skeleton and the articul ations of the organic structure. The human organic structure produces really elusive electro magnetic Fieldss, which have been generated in the organic structure through chemical reaction within cells and ionic currents go throughing through the nervous system. In recent old ages scientists have been detecting more and more ways that electro magnetic Fieldss act upon the organic structure ‘s working both in a positive every bit good as a negative mode. These observations and other has led to the development of electro magnetic therapy. Osteoarthritis, which is besides known as Degenerative Arthritis, is one of the most common types of arthritis. It involves the devolution of the gristle located in the articulations. Osteoarthritis occurs due to loss of gristle and electro magnetic therapy is believed to excite gristle growing. This has led to the usage of electro magnetic therapy in handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. Critical ReviewSome research workers reported the successful direction of degenerative arthritis through controlled chondrocyte decease and programmed cell death, use of response to anabolic and katabolic stimulations and matrix synthesis or debasement and redness ( Fini et al. , 2005 ) . This comes under possible chondroprotective intervention. This intervention is considered to be the better attack relativAlthough many drugs o to medicate intervention as the bulk of them relieve hurting and addition map, but do non modify the complex pathological procedures that occur in these tissues. Contrary to this pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMFs ) surely show important physiological effects on cells and tissues by the upregulation of cistron look of members of the transforming growing factor beta ace household. This intervention besides has advantage over the traditional medical specialties as it increases glycosaminoglycan degrees, and an anti-inflammatory action. Hence there is a strong principle for the usage of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis as it involves the vivo usage of biophysical stimulation with PEMFs. Liu et al. , ( 1996 ) noticed the positive function of Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) as they influence the extracellular matrix metamorphosis of a diverse scope of skeletal tissues. The positive consequence of PEMF on the composing and molecular construction of gristle proteoglycans was good established which can be considered as strong principle for this therapy. One thing was made clear that PEMF intervention would n't impact the DNA content of explants. However its function in stirred lift of glycosaminoglycan content in the explant and preservation of the tissue ‘s histological unity was good documented. Furthermore it was revealed that the PEMF intervention significantly suppressed both the debasement of preexistent glycosaminoglycans biosynthetically labeled in ovo and the synthesis of new [ 35S ] -sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Most noteworthy happening emerged out of this survey is that the exposure of embryologic biddy gristle explants to PEMF for 3 h/day maintained a balanced proteoglycan composing by down-regulating its turnover without impacting either molecular construction or map. Thamsborg et al. , ( 2005 ) besides investigated the effectivity of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) in the intervention of degenerative arthritis ( OA ) of the articulatio genus. The accent was chiefly given to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical test and.the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities ( WOMAC ) questionnaire. It was revealed that a important betterment in ADL ( Activities of daily larning ) , stiffness and hurting was recorded with PEMF-treated groups. One of the weak points that emerged out of this survey is that the betterment witnessed with PMEF is non important with elderly people. The principle for this survey is that the patients & lt ; 65 old ages of age responded highly good to PMEF intervention in footings of reduced hurting caused by degenerative arthritis. No uncertainty, the positive function of electromagnetic therapy in hurting decrease is good established. The mechanism in which this hurting decrease occurs is as follows: Pain signals are transmitted along nerve cells to pre-synaptic terminuss. At these terminuss, channels in the cell alter due to a motion of ions. The membrane potency alterations, doing the release of a chemical sender from a synaptic cyst contained within the membrane. The hurting signal is chemically transferred across the synaptic spread to chemical receptors on the post-synaptic nervus cell. This all happens in about 1/2000th of a 2nd, as the synaptic spread is merely 20 to 50 nanometers broad. As the hurting signal, in chemical signifier, approaches the post-synaptic cell, the membrane alterations and the signal is transferred. If we look at the electromotive forces across the synaptic membrane so, under no hurting conditions, the degree is about -70 millivolt. When the hurting signal approaches the membrane potency additions to about +30 millivolt, it allows Na flow. This in bend triggers the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and so reassign the hurting signal across the synaptic spread or cleft. After the transmittal, the electromotive force reduces back to its normal quiescent degree until the following hurting signal arrives. The application of pulsed magnetic attraction to painful sites causes the membrane to be lowered to a hyper-polarization degree of about -90 millivolt. When a hurting signal is detected, the electromotive force must now be raised to a comparatively higher degree in order to fire the synaptic cysts. Since the mean alteration of potency required to make the trigger electromotive force of about +30 millivolt is +100 millivolt, the needed alteration is excessively great and merely +10 millivolt is attained. This electromotive force is by and large excessively low to do the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and therefore the hurting signal is blocked. The most effectual frequences that have been observed from research in order to do the above alterations to membrane potencies are a basal frequence of around 100Hz and pulse rate scenes of between 5 and 25Hz† .The RationaleLet us critically analyse the principle behind the efficaciousness and application of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis. The reappraisal of some most relevant research documents has been carried out to come to a valid decision. The function of electro magnetic therapy in cistron look ordinance was considered to be the chief principle ( Aaron et al. , 2004 ) . This cistron look happens in connective tissue cells for structural extracellular matrix ( ECM ) proteins ensuing in an addition in gristle and bone production. It was besides established that the electro magnetic therapy enhanced fix and a addition in mechanical belongingss of the mending tissues. The failing of the survey is that the biophysical interactions of electric and electromagnetic Fieldss at the cell membrane are non good understood and require considerable extra survey. It was besides noticed that the understanding physical interactions and transmembrane signaling will most probably be necessary to set up dosing paradigms and better curative efficaciousness. Most notably, considerable information has been generated on an intermediary mechanism of activity – growing factor stimulation. In short, electric and electromagnetic Fieldss increase cistron look for, and synthesis of, growing factors and this may work to magnify field effects through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Electric and electromagnetic Fieldss can bring forth a sustained upregulation of growing factors, which enhance, but do non disorganise endochondral bone formation. Another of import principle for utilizing electromagnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis is that it plays important function in chondrogenic distinction in endochondral ossification ( Coimbor et al. , 2002 ) . But it has to be applied in highly low frequence. The positive function of electro magnetic therapy was good established by the demineralized bone matrix ( DBM ) -induced endochondral ossification theoretical account. The electro magnetic therapy brought important alterations in [ 35S ] -Sulfate and [ 3H ] -thymidine incorporation and glycosaminoglycan ( GAG ) content. Bistolfi ( 2006 ) emphasized the importance of electro magnetic therapy in doing bioeffects at the bone and soft tissue degree, and at the cellular degree. It affects the operation of bone-forming cells, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, nervus cells and endothelial and musculus cells. The strong principle behind the function of electro magnetic therapy lies in transduction phenomena happening in life affair. The chief drawback of this theory is that electromagnetic and mechanical signals are non ever interchangeable, depending on their several strength. One theory on efficaciousness of electromagnetic theory in cut downing the hurting caused due to osteoarthritis provinces that the elderly animate beings may non react good. However, it was proved incorrectly as some research probes conducted on Guinea hogs revealed that the pulsed electromagnetic field ( PEMF ) stimulation has a chondro protective consequence on degenerative arthritis ( OA ) patterned advance in the articulatio genus articulations of elderly guinea hogs. Even in the presence of terrible OA lesions PEMFs maintained a important efficaciousness in cut downing lesion patterned advance. Articular gristle is the joint construction most affected by osteo-arthritis. It is constituted by cells known as chondrocytes. These cells industry, secrete and keep the organic constituent of the extracellular compartment, or gristle matrix, composed of a dense collagen filament web enmeshed in aconcentrated solution of proteoglycans and H2O. They determine the biomechanical behavior of the tissue in response to dynamic burden ( Mow et al, 1989 ; Mow and Wang, 1999 ) . Their malfunction is frequently related to a lessening in proteoglycan concentration, in add-on to underlying bone harm, bone mortification, and bone remodelling, taking to break of the gristle collagen-proteoglycan matrix, and a decreasing ability of gristle and the environing joint tissues to absorb compressive emphasiss. A figure of carnal surveies have shown that when electric field is applied on articular gristle an addition in its proteoglycan content ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) can be found. This is indicated by an addition in its sulfate incorporation. The biological account for this result is non really clear, but may affect information transferred to the chondrocytes refering the nature of their mechanical environment and the province of the extracellular matrix which modifies written text and synthesis ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) . Alternately, pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may interact with ligands on the chondrocyte cell surface membrane, and this interaction may take to alterations in internal Ca concentrations that trigger proteoglycan production ( Granziana et al, 1990 ; Lee et Al, 1993 ) . The Fieldss may besides increase chondrocyte synthesis of proteoglycans straight themselves ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) . This response, which may be cell specific may depend upon the electro physical parametric quantities of the applied pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss, including: amplitude, continuance and frequence, in add-on to the denseness of the cells themselves, and, intermittent exposure of gristle cells to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may be superior to uninterrupted exposure. In footings of continuance, Brighton et Al ( 1984 ) found the incorporation of sulfate into artilage supermolecules was increased within five yearss of pulsed electro magnetic field application to chondrocyte cell civilizations and that this increased even further, after 12 yearss. Furthermore, the civilizations exposed to the electrical Fieldss retained 95 % of their newly formed proteoglycans compared to 70 % of those assayed in control civilizations ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , therefore proposing katabolism was slower in the treated tissue civilizations. Similar findings have been reported by Smith and Nagel ( 1983 ) and although gristle collagen content tends to stay unchanged during exposure to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , cartilage proteoglycan molecules that are synthesised in response to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss appear to be normal in size and composing. Pulsed electro magnetic field interventions might besides assist to continue extracellular matrix unity in early phases of degenerative arthritis, where inordinate proteoglycan is laid down, by down-regulating proteoglycan synthesis and debasement in aco-ordinated mode without impacting structural unity, and by increasing the proliferation of available chondrocytes, and their DNA man-made mechanisms. The mechanical and functional belongingss of articular gristle depend on the complex composing and organisation of its extracellular matrix ( ECM ) . The synthesis and debasement of ECM constituents is purely regulated by articular chondrocytes, which maintain gristle homeostasis in normal conditions. In pathological conditions, such as degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , changes in the normal functional activities of chondrocytes contribute to the instability in turnover of ECM constituents with debasement transcending synthesis ensuing in gradual harm of the articular gristle. The articular gristle metamorphosis is controlled by insulin like growing factors which can be modulated by electro magnetic forces. Clinical and carnal surveies show the possibility that exposure to electro magnetic force can hold a positive consequence on intervention of degenerative arthritis. Surveies indicate that PEMF can forestall gristle devolution through an adenosine receptor agonist consequence that can command locally the inflammatory processes that are ever associated with OA patterned advance. Evidence for enhanced cell distinction and extracellular matrix synthesis due to PEMF has been proved by a survey published in the diary of orthopedic research ( 2002 ) . An of import determination of this research was that, Proteoglycans ( PG ) are synthesized earlier and to a greater grade in EMF-exposed bonelets. The grounds for enhanced ripening in the open bonelets is farther supported by a temporal acceleration and quantitative addition in the look of messenger RNA for aggrecan and type II collagen compared to command bonelets on yearss 6 and 8 of development. Accelerated ripening of cartilagematrix by EMF is besides observed morphologically and biochemically. Earlier chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix calcification are apparent. Jointly, these informations suggest that chondrogenic distinction occurs earlier, and that gristle extracellular matrix is synthesized to a greater grade and matures faster in response to EMF exposure. The consequence suggests the occuring of chondrogenic distinction and that, the exposure of assorted constellations of electro magnetic Fieldss can assist mend degenerative arthritis.DecisionOverall, the electro magnetic therapy has helped in clinical intervention of degenerative arthritis by pull stringsing cistron look in fix tissues, positive consequence on gristle growing and several other bio-chemical alterations at cellular degree in life cells. Its consequence was found to be important even in elderly patients. However, the effects of magnetic Fieldss on organic structure tissues are complex and look to change from tissue to weave and from different strengths and continuance of the magnetic field applied. Much work demands to be done to optimise such variables as signal constellation and continuance of intervention before throbing electro magnetic field therapy can be by and large recommended. Several research probes though confirmed the high quality of electromagnetic therapy, its extent of positive function on articulatio genus osteo arthritis has to be farther studied before pulling valid decisions ( Hulme et al. , 2002 ) . MentionsAaron, R K and Ciombor, D McK ( 1993 ) . ‘Therapeutic effects of electro magnetic Fieldss in the stimulation of connective tissue fix ‘ , Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 52, 42-46. Aaron, R.K. , Boyan, B.D. , Ciombor, D.M. , Schwartz, Z. and Simon, B.J. ( 2004 ) . Stimulation of growing factor synthesis by electric and electromagnetic Fieldss. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 410: 30-7. Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, & A ; Brandt K, ( 1991 ) . ‘The American College of Rheumatology standards for the categorization and coverage of degenerative arthritis of the hip ‘ . Arthritis Rheum Vol. 34 pp 505-14. Barbero A, Grogan S, Schafer D, Heberer M, MainilVarlet P, Martin I. ( 2004 ) . Age related alterations in human articular chondrocyte output, proliferationand post-expansion chondrogenic capacity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.12:476-84. Bistolfi, F. ( 2006 ) . Evidence of interlinks between bioelectromagnetics and biomechanics: from biophysics to medical natural philosophies. Phys Med. 22 ( 3 ) :71-95. Brighton, C T, Unger, A S and Stanbough, J L ( 1984 ) . ‘In vitro growing of bovine articular gristle chondrocytes in assorted capacitively conjugate electrical Fieldss ‘ , Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1, 15-22. Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B. ( 2003 ) . Alteration of degenerative arthritis by pulsed electromagnetic field.A morphological survey. Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 11 ( 6 ) :455e62. Coimbor, D.M. , Lester, G. , Aaron, R.K. , Neame, P. and Caterson, B. 2002. Low frequence EMF regulates chondrocyte distinction and look of matrix proteins. J.Orthop Res. 20 ( 1 ) :40-50. Diniz P, Soejima K. and Ito G. ( 2002 ) . Nitric oxide mediates the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on the osteoblast proliferation and distinction. Nitric Oxide. 7 ( 1 ) :18e23. Fini, M. , Giavaresi, G. , Carpi, A. , Nicolini, A. , Setti, S. and Giardino, R. ( 2005 ) . Effectss of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss on articular hyaline gristle: reappraisal of experimental and clinical surveies. Biomed pharmacother. 59 ( 7 ) :388-94. Fini, M. , Torricelli, P. , Giavaresi, G. , Aldini, N.N. , Cavani, F. , Setti, S. , Nicolini, A. , Carpi, A. and Giardino, R. ( 2007 ) . Consequence of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on articulatio genus gristle, subchondral and epyphiseal trabeculate bone of elderly Dunkin Hartley guinea hogs. Biomed Pharmacother. E publication. April issue. Graziana, A, Ranjeva, R and Teissie, J ( 1990 ) . ‘External electric Fieldss stimulate the electrogenic calcium/sodium exchange in works energids ‘ , Biochemistry, 29, 8313-18. Hulme, J. , Robinson, V. , DeBie, R. , Wells, G. , Judd, M. and Tugwell, P. 2002. Electromagnetic Fieldss for the intervention of degenerative arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: CD003523. Keuttner KE & A ; Goldberg V ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1995 ) . Osteoarthritic upsets, Academy of orthopaedic sawboness: Rosemont, II pp 21-5 LIU, H. , ABBOTT, J. and THE LATE BEE, J.A. ( 1996 ) . Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss influence hyaline gristle extracellular matrix composing without impacting molecular construction. Osteoarthritis gristle. 4 ( 1 ) : 63-76. Mow, V C, Proctor, C S and Kelly, M C ( 1989 ) . ‘Biomechanics of articular gristle ‘ , in Nordin, M and Frankel, V H ( explosive detection systems ) Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, Lea and Febiger, New York, pages 31-57. Mow, V C and Wang, C C ( 1999 ) . ‘Some biotechnology considerations for tissue technology of articular gristle ‘ , Clinical Orthopedicss and Related Research, 367S, S204-S223. 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